Арзуманян Р., Сложное мышление и сеть парадигма нелинейности и среда безопасности 21 века

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ǫ ȋȓȈȊȍ V ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȍȚșȧ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȑ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȐȝșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ. DzȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȧ ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ, Ȑ ȖȕȈ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȏȊȈȕȈ ȏȈȔȍȕȐȚȤ ȒȈȒțȦ-ȓȐȉȖ Ȑȏ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȝ Ȑ ȗȘȐȏȕȈȕȕȣȝ ȍȍ ȜȖȘȔ. ȅȚȖ, șȒȖȘȍȍ, ȕȖȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ Ȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ șȚȈȘȣȔ ȒȈȒ ȔȐȘ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ: ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȎȍȓȈȍȔȣȝ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȕȍșȚȐ ȗȖȘȈȎȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȕȐȒț ș ȔȐȕȐȔȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȚȘȈȚȖȑ ȘȍșțȘșȖȊ Ȑ ȕȈȐȔȍȕȤȠȐȔȐ ȗȖȚȍȘȧȔȐ. ǴȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȍșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ șȖȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȧ ȊȖȍȕȕȖȑ șȜȍȘȣ ș ȗȘȖȟȐȔȐ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȔȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȔȖȡȐ Ȍȓȧ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ Ȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȊȖȑȕȣ. ǩȓȈȋȖȌȈȘȧ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȦ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȔțșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȗȖȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȠȈȕș, ȟȚȖ șȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȍȔ șȚȈȕȍȚ ȕȖȘȔȖȑ ȖșȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȔȣȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚȤ Ȓ ȒțȔțȓȧȚȐȊȕȣȔ Ȑ ȒȈșȒȈȌȕȣȔ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȈȔ, ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȧȦȡȐȔșȧ ȗȖ ȊșȍȔ țȘȖȊȕȧȔ Ȑ ȈȘȍȕȈȔ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȚșȧ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȈ. ǷȖȌȝȖȌ, ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȐȑșȧ ȕȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȐ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȖȊ, ȔȖȎȍȚ șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊȖȊȈȚȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȊȈȎȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȚȒȖȋȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȟȍȓȍȑ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȗȖȓȐȚȐȒȐ Ȑ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȣȝ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȊ ȘȍȈȓȐȏțȍȔȖȑ șȚȘȈȚȍȋȐȐ ȕȈȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȉȍȏȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȐ.

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ǫdzǨǪǨ 1. ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ

ǵǨǻDzǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ

I. ǼǰdzǶǹǶǼǹDzǰǭ ǶǩǶǹǵǶǪǨǵǰȇ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǫǶ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰȇ ǰ ǵǨǻDzǨ ǹdzǶǮǵǶǹǺǰ

ǪȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȗȘȖȕȐȏȣȊȈȍȚ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȖȍ ȉȣȚȐȍ, ȗȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȓȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǹȗȍȞȐȜȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ «ȕȈȌȔȍȕȕȖșȚȐ» ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȋȖ ȞȍȝȈ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȣ ȝȈȘȈȒȚȍȘȐȏțȦȚ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȍȍ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȍ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȍȑ, ȒȈȒ ȕȈȐȊȕȣȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȓȍȎȐȚ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ. ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ șȈȔȖȕȈȌȍȧȕȕȖșȚȤ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ Ȋșȍ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȣ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ – Ȋșȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ. ǬȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȝ ȊȍȒȖȊ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȌȐșȒțȘșȈ Ȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ, șȌȍȓȈȊ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȐ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ.

ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȕȍ ȌȖȓȎȕȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȍȌȐȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖȋȖ, ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȦȡȍȋȖ ȕȈ ȐșȚȐȕț Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȑ ȐȕșȚȈȕȞȐȐ. ǵȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȐȏȉȍȋȈȚȤ șȖȉȓȈȏȕȈ ȚȖȚȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ – ȐȔȗȍȘȐȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. ǺȈȒȖȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ ȗȖȓȕȖȞȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ Ȋ ȕȈțȒț ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ Ȑ ȕȖȊȣȑ ȊȏȋȓȧȌ ȕȈ ȖȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȦ Ȑ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȦ. ǰȘȖȕȐȧ ȏȈȒȓȦȟȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ, ȝȖȚȧ ȊȖȏȊȘȈȡȍȕȐȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ, ȐȕȐȞȐȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȍ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍȔ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȋ ȒȖȕȞȍ 20 ȊȍȒȈ, ȊȖșȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȘȍȊȖȓȦȞȐȧ Ȋ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔ ȔȐȘȍ, ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȌȈȕȕȣȔȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȔȐ ȕȈ ȗȘȖȚȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȚȣșȧȟȍȓȍȚȐȑ.

ǺȘȍȡȐȕȣ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ șȚȈȓȐ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣ ș ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȊȠȐȝ șȖȏȌȈȊȈȚȤ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȍ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȖȒȈȏȈȓȖșȤ ȕȍȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ. ǷȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȓȖ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȖȚȒȓȐȒȖȔ ȕȈ ȉȘȖ-

12

ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

Ƞȍȕȕȣȑ ȊȣȏȖȊ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȊȣȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȖșȕȖȊȖȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȐȍ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȣ ȕȖȊȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ ȉȣșȚȘȖ șȌȍȓȈȓȐ ȖȟȍȊȐȌȕȣȔ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖșȚȤ ȘȍȊȐȏȐȐ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȣ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȘȈȏȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȈ Ȓ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȦ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȖȊ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ, ȝȖȚȧ șȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ ȖșȕȖȊ ȚȘȈȌȐȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȕȈțȒȐ, ȘȈȏȊȐȚȐȍ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȌȐșȞȐȗȓȐȕ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȍȍ Ȏȍ ȧȏȣȒ.

ǷȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȗȐșȈȕȣ Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔț ȒȈȒ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȐ Ȑ ȉȈȏȐȘțȦȡȍȑșȧ ȕȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐșȒȓȦȟȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ ȜȘȍȑȔ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȊȒȓȦȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȌȐșȒțȘșȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȊȣȉȘȈȚȤ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣȑ Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȒȖȕȒȘȍȚȕȖȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȖȕȕȖȑ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ, Ȋ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȣ Ȑ șȗȖșȖȉȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ Ȋ «ȒȖȕȒțȘȍȕȚȕȖȑ» ȉȖȘȤȉȍ ȏȈ ȕȈȐȉȖȓȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȖȉȢȧșȕȍȕȐȍ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȐȓȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ.

1. ǹȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ, ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ

DzȈȒ țȎȍ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȓȖșȤ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȚȖ, ȟȚȖ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȧ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȊȖ ȔȕȖȋȖȔ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ ȊȣȊȖȌȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȉțȌțȚ șȌȍȓȈȕȣ, ȗȖȘȖȑ ȌȖȊȖȓȤȕȖ șȓȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȋȓȧȌȍȚȤ ȍȍ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊȐȍ Ȋ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧȝ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȓȐ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ. ǬȎȖȕ ǽȤȦș (John Hughes) ȗȐȠȍȚ: «DzȈȎȌȣȑ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȞȍȌțȘȈ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȣȊȕȖ șȊȧȏȈȕȣ ș ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣȔ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȐȘȈ Ȑ ȍȋȖ Ȑ ȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȍȔȖșȚȤȦ. <...> ǵȐȒȈȒȈȧ ȔȍȚȖȌȐȒȈ ȐȓȐ ȔȍȚȖȌ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ (Ȑ ȥȚȖ ȊȍȘȕȖ ȒȈȒ Ȍȓȧ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ) ȕȍ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ șȈȔȖȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȣȔȐ: Ȑȝ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ, ȗȖ șȈȔȖȔț șȚȈȚțșț ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈ, ȌȍȓȈȦȡȍȋȖ ȔȐȘ ȗȖȌȈȚȓȐȊȣȔ Ȍȓȧ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ șȟȍȚȍ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ, ș ȜȐȓȖșȖȜșȒȖȑ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ, ȖȚ ȥȗȐșȚȍȔȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȖȉȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȑ. ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȓȐ ȖȕȐ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȝ ȐȓȐ ȕȍȚ, ȕȖ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȍ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȌȍȓȍȕȣ ȖȚ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ. DzȈȒ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȐȍ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȣ ȖȕȐ ȖȗȍȘȐȘțȦȚ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȏȈȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȐȑ Ȗ ȗȘȐȘȖȌȍ ȖȉȡȍșȚȊȈ Ȑ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒȈ, ȊȏȈȐȔȖȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ, Ȑ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ ȖȕȐ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȣ»1.

ǷȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ, ȟȚȖ ȌȈȊȈȍȔȖȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȈȔȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȍȋȖ ȔȐȘȖȊȖȏȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȓȐȞ, ȗȘȖȜȍșșȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖ ȕȍ ȏȈȕȐȔȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȍȑ, – ȕȈȐȊȕȣȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȐȓȐ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ – ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ țȌȈȟȕȣȑ ȚȍȘȔȐȕ, ȕȍ-

1 Hughes, John. The Philosophy of Science. London: Longhand, 1990, p. 11.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

șțȡȐȑ ȕȈ șȍȉȍ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȖȚȚȍȕȖȒ Ȑ ȗȖȌȊȍȘȋȈȦȡȐȑ șȖȔȕȍȕȐȦ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȤ ȊȐȌȍȕȐȧ ȔȐȘȈ ȕȍ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȖȔ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ ȚȘȍȉțȍȚ ȉȖȓȍȍ țȊȈȎȐȚȍȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȖȚȕȖȠȍȕȐȧ Ȓ șȍȉȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ Ȋ ȍȋȖ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȓȍȎȈȚ ȔȐȓȓȐȖȕȣ ȓȍȚ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ1. Ǫ ȘȈȔȒȈȝ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȕȍșȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȊ. ǷȍȘȊȣȑ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȘȋȈȕȣ ȟțȊșȚȊ ȌȈȦȚ ȊșȦ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔțȦ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȦ Ȍȓȧ ȜȖȘȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ ȔȐȘȈ: Ȑȏ ȒȈȒȐȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȗȕ șȖșȚȖȐȚ Ȑ ȒȈȒ ȍȋȖ ȟȈșȚȐ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊțȦȚ ȌȘțȋ ș ȌȘțȋȖȔ. ǶȘȋȈȕȣ ȟțȊșȚȊ ȚȍȔ șȈȔȣȔ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ, ȉȍșȗȘȐșȚȘȈșȚȕȣȑ ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒ ȐȕȜȖȘȔȈȞȐȐ, Ȉ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȔȐȘȈ șȊȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȓ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȦ ȒȈȘȚȣ, ȕȈ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȠȈȋ ȏȈ ȠȈȋȖȔ țȉȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȉȍȓȣȍ ȗȧȚȕȈ ȕȍȐȏȊȍȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ. ǪȚȖȘȖȑ, ȉȖȓȍȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȖȗȐȘȈȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȒȈȏțȈȓȤȕȣȍ (ȗȘȐȟȐȕȕȣȍ) șȊȧȏȐ ȔȍȎȌț ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈȔȐ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧȔȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ Ȋ ȖșȕȖȊț ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȗȖȓȖȎȍȕȣ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȕȍ șȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔȐ ȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȣ, șȒȖȓȤȒȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȣ Ȑ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȌȍȑșȚȊȐȧ. ǭșȓȐ ȊșȓȍȌ ȏȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧȔȐ Ȋ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȍ A ȕȈșȚțȗȈȦȚ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȍ B, ȚȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȈȧ ȒȖȘȘȍȓȧȞȐȧ șȊȧȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ ș ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȔ ȉȈȏȐșȕȣȔ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȣȔ ȔȍȝȈȕȐȏȔȖȔ: «Ǩ ȊȣȏȣȊȈȍȚ Ǫ». ǶȌȕȈȒȖ șȚȖȓȤ țȗȘȖȡȍȕȕȈȧ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȘȍȚȈȞȐȧ ȕȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȚȖȉȘȈȏȐȚȤ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȕȍȊȐȌȐȔȖȋȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ǹ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ȒȈȒ ȕȈ A, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȕȈ Ǫ, ȊȣȏȣȊȈȧ Ȋ ȕȐȝ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ. ǵȍȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚ ǹ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȗȘȖȔȍȎțȚȖȟȕȣȔ ȏȊȍȕȖȔ, ȗȍȘȍȌȈȦȡȐȔ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊȐȍ ȖȚ Ǩ Ȓ Ǫ. Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ǫ ȧȊȓȧȦȚșȧ ȕȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȖȔ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȑ Ȋ A, ȕȖ ȊșȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ șȖȊȗȈȌȍȕȐȍȔ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȒȈțȏȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȣȔ. ǸȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ țȗțșȒȈȍȚ Ȑȏ ȊȐȌț Ȋșȍ ȗȖȌȖȉȕȣȍ șȞȍȕȈȘȐȐ.

ǻșȗȍȝȐ ȍșȚȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȝ ȕȈțȒ ȘȍȏȒȖ ȘȈșȠȐȘȐȓȐ ȋȖȘȐȏȖȕȚȣ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ «țȊȐȌȍȚȤ» ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ, ȕȍȊȐȌȐȔȣȍ Ȍȓȧ ȖȘȋȈȕȖȊ ȟțȊșȚȊ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈțȒȈ ȊȣșȚȘȈȐȊȈȍȚ șȊȖȐ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȈȕȐȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȉȕȈȘțȎȍȕȣ, ȏȈȘȍȋȐșȚȘȐȘȖȊȈȕȣ Ȑ ȐȏȔȍȘȍȕȣ ȗȘȐ ȗȖȔȖȡȐ ȚȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈ. ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȕȍȋȈȚȐȊȕȣȝ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ, ȌȈȎȍ țșȐȓȍȕȕȖȋȖ ȔȖȡȤȦ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ, ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ șȈȔȖȕȈȌȍȧȕȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȔ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ, Ȋșȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ. ǸȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ șȍȋȖȌȕȧ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȌȖȔȐȕȐȘțȦȡȐȔ Ȋ ȏȈȗȈȌȕȖȔ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȐ. ǴȖȎȕȖ ȌȈȎȍ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȐȍ ȊȍȒȈ ȌȖșȚȐȎȍȕȐȧ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȑ ȗȘȐȊȍȓȐ Ȓ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȗȖȌȈȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȜȐȓȖșȖȜȐȐ.

ǰ ȟȍȔ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȍ ȕȈțȟȕȣȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ, ȚȍȖȘȐȧ, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘ., ȚȍȔ ȠȐȘȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȍȍ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȔȈȧ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȔȐȘȈ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȔȖȎȕȖ ȊșȗȖȔȕȐȚȤ șȓȖȊȈ ȐȏȊȍșȚȕȖȋȖ ȜȐȏȐȒȈ dzțȐ Ȍȍ ǩȘȖȑȓȧ (Louis de Broglie), ȏȈ-

1 Richardson Kurt A. “Managing Complex Organizations: Complexity Thinking and the Science and Art of Management,” Emergence: Complexity & Organization, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2008, pp. 13-26. 12 January 2011. http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/ManCompOrgs.pdf .

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ȌȈȊȈȊȠȍȋȖșȧ ȊȖȗȘȖșȖȔ: «ǴȖȎȍȚ, ȕȍ ȕȈȌȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȐșȚȐȕȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȘȖȎȌȈȍȔȣȍ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȟȍșȒȐȔ ȘȈȏțȔȖȔ ȒȖȕȞȍȗȞȐȐ, șȜȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȍ Ȋ șȓȍȋȒȈ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ ȜȖȘȔȍ, Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȣ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȒȖȋȌȈ, ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȧ ȞȍȓȤ ȗȘȍȌȍȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ, ȖȕȐ ȌȖșȚȐȋȈȦȚ ȐȌȍȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȜȖȘȔ, ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖȍ șȖȌȍȘȎȈȕȐȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ șȚȘȍȔȐȚșȧ Ȓ ȕțȓȦ?»1 ǬȘțȋȐȔȐ șȓȖȊȈȔȐ, ȊȊȧȏȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȗȖȋȖȕȦ ȏȈ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȤȦ Ȑ ȔȖȡȤȦ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ, ȕȈțȒȈ ȔȖȎȍȚ șȚȈȚȤ țȧȏȊȐȔȖȑ, ȖȒȈȏȈȊȠȐșȤ Ȋ ȓȖȊțȠȒȍ șȈȔȖȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ ȖșȕȖȊȣȊȈȦȡȍȔșȧ ȕȈ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȍ ȏȌȘȈȊȖȋȖ șȔȣșȓȈ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔȍ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȡȍȔ, ȟȚȖ «ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ (ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȐșȚȐȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ, ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ, ȌȈȎȍ ȍșȓȐ ȖȕȐ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȘȧȔȖ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȤșȧ. ǰȓȐ ȈȓȤȚȍȘȕȈȚȐȊȕȖ, ȌȖȊȖȌ ȐȓȐ ȌȖȒȈȏȈȚȍȓȤșȚȊȖ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȍȚ ȚȍȖȘȐȦ, ȚȈȒȎȍ șȓțȎȐȚ ȗȖȌȚȊȍȘȎȌȍȕȐȍȔ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȓȦȉȣȝ ȌȘțȋȐȝ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȐȓȐ “ȋȐȗȖȚȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ” șțȡȕȖșȚȍȑ, ȖȗȐșȣȊȈȍȔȣȝ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȍȑ»2. ǶȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ, ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȍȚ ȕȈȔ ȗȘȧȔȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȚ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖ ȖȚ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȚȍȓȧ. ǵȈțȟȕȣȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȔ ȐșȝȖȌȐȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ șțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ, Ȑ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȗȖȓțȟȈȦȚșȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ: ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ, ȔȍȚȖȌȖȓȖȋȐȐ Ȑ ȗȘ.

ǹțȡȍșȚȊțȍȚ Ȑ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȗȖȓȖȎȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ Ȓ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȍ – ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȔ, țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȡȐȑ, ȟȚȖ, ȕȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȒȈȒȖȑ-ȓȐȉȖ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȗȘȧȔȣȍ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ ȕȍȑ. ǹ ȚȖȟȒȐ ȏȘȍȕȐȧ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ, ȏȕȈȕȐȍ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌȐȚșȧ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȖȚȒȘȣȊȈȍȚșȧ. ǷȘȐȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșț «ȗȘȖȐȏȊȖȌșȚȊȈ» ȏȕȈȕȐȑ ȗȘȐșțȡȈ ȕȈșȓȍȌșȚȊȍȕȕȈȧ ȗȘȍȌȊȏȧȚȖșȚȤ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȈȧ ș ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȔ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ, șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣ ȗȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȦ. Ǫ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȔ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔȍ, ȧȊȓȧȦȡȐȔșȧ ȒȘȈȑȕȍȑ ȜȖȘȔȖȑ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȔȈ, Ȓ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț ȏȕȈȕȐȦ ȖȚȕȖșȧȚșȧ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȖȌȕȖȔț Ȑȏ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȝ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ-ȒȖȕșȚȘțȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ ȌȐșȒțȘșȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȕȍ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȒȈȒȐȔ-ȓȐȉȖ ȗȘȍȐȔțȡȍșȚȊȖȔ ȗȍȘȍȌ ȌȘțȋȐȔȐ. Ǭȓȧ ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔȈ ȕȈțȒȈ – ȊșȍȋȖ ȓȐȠȤ ȖȌȕȈ Ȑȏ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ (perspectives), șȗȖșȖȉșȚȊțȦȡȈȧ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȦ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ, Ȑ, ȒȈȒ ȖȚȔȍȟȈȍȚ ǷȍȏȐ ǸțșȚȖȔ ǴȈȏȈȕȐ (Pesi Rustom Masani), «ȒȖȕșȚȘțȒȚȐȊȐȏȔ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȈȕȚȐȕȈțȟȕȣȔ ȌȖ ȔȖȏȋȈ ȒȖșȚȍȑ»3.

1 ǾȐȚȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȗȖ: Cory, Daniel. “The transition from naïve to critical realism,” The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 39, No 10, pp. 261-268. 12 January 2011. http://www.jstor.org/pss/2017517.

2 Fetzer, James H. and Robert. F. Almeder. Glossary of Epistemology/Philosophy of Science. New York: Pergamon Press, 1993.

3 Masani, Pesi Rustom. «Three modern enemies of science: materialism, existentialism, constructivism,» Kybernetes, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2001, pp. 278-294.

15

ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ țșȗȍȝȐ ȕȈțȒȐ Ȑ ȚȍȝȕȐȒȐ, ȚȍȝȕȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȘȣȊȣ ȥȗȖȝȐ ȐȕȌțșȚȘȐȈȓȐȏȔȈ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȘȐȊȐȓȍȋȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȌȐșȒțȘșȈ, ȖȚȖȌȊȐȕțȊ Ȋ șȚȖȘȖȕț, șȌȍȓȈȊ ȕȍȏȈȔȍȚȕȣȔȐ ȕȍȌȖșȚȈȚȒȐ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ. ǷȖȧȊȐȓȈșȤ șȊȖȍȋȖ ȘȖȌȈ ȊȍȘȈ ȊȖ ȊșȍșȐȓȐȍ ȕȈțȒȐ, ȍȍ șȗȖșȖȉȕȖșȚȤ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ Ȋșȍ Ȋ ȔȐȘȖȏȌȈȕȐȐ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȕȍȈȌȍȒȊȈȚȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖșȚȤ ȕȈțȒȐ ȗȘȐ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȐ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȐȓȐ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔ ȥȒȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȚȘȈȒȚțȦȚșȧ ȒȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ ȕȍȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȣȝ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ, Ȉ ȕȍ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȕȖșȚȐ ȕȈțȒȐ ȒȈȒ ȚȈȒȖȊȖȑ1. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȕȈțȒȈ ȕȍ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ Ȋșȍ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ

ȐȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȌȖșȚȈȚȖȟȕȖ ȎȍșȚȒȈ Ȋ șȊȖȐȝ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧȝ. ǶȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȑ ȔȖȎȕȖ șȟȐȚȈȚȤ ȚȘȍȉȖȊȈȕȐȍ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, ȖȚȌȍȓȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȋȖ ȖȚ șȘȍȌȣ ȐȓȐ «ȜȖȕȈ», țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈțȟȕȣȍ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ, ȗȖȓțȟȈȚȤ Ȑ țȚȖȟȕȧȚȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗȉ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȍ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ șȓțȟȈȍ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȑ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ

ȐșȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗȉ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ, ȕȈȓȐȟȐȐ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȔȣȝ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȕȍ ȗȘȐȝȖȌȐȚșȧ.

2.ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ

2.1. ǫȘȈȕȐȞȣ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ

ǸȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ ȥȊȖȓȦȞȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȧȍȔȣȍ Ȋ ȕȍȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ Ȋ șȖșȚȖȧȕȐȐ ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȚȤșȧ, ȐȏȔȍȕȧȧ șȊȖȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȔȖȋțȚ ȗȖȧȊȓȧȚȤșȧ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȖȚȘȈȎȈȦȡȐȍ ȒȈȟȍșȚȊȍȕȕȣȍ ȐȏȔȍȕȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖ ȐȏȔȍȕȧȦȡȐȍ ȍȍ ȊȕțȚȘȍȕȕȐȍ Ȑ ȊȕȍȠȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ (ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȔȍȘȋȍȕȞȐȐ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȖȌȘȖȉȕȖȔț ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȉțȌȍȚ țȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȓȍȍ). ǷȖȌ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȔ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȏȌȍșȤ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȍȚșȧ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȕȈȧ Ȑ, ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, țȗȖȘȧȌȖȟȍȕȕȈȧ șțȡȕȖșȚȤ ȐȓȐ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȌȐȜȜȍȘȍȕȞȐȘțȍȚ șȍȉȧ ȖȚ ȞȍȓȖȋȖ Ȑ ȖȚ ȜȖȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȠțȔȈ. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓȕȈȧ ȈȊȚȖȕȖȔȐȧ Țȍȝ ȐȓȐ Ȑȕȣȝ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȍșȚȤ ȐȓȓȦȏȐȧ. ǽȖȚȧ ȔȋȕȖȊȍȕȕȣȑ șȘȍȏ Ȑ «șȚȖȗ-ȒȈȌȘ» ȗȖȒȈȎȍȚ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ Ȑ șȊȧȏȍȑ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ – șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȑ ȒȈȒ Ȗ ȗȍȘȔȈȕȍȕȚȕȖȔ șȊȖȑșȚȊȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȉțȌȍȚ ȕȍȒȖȘȘȍȒȚȕȣȔ. ǹȚȘțȒȚțȘȈ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȏȍ ȒȈȒ Ȑ ȍȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, ȘȈȏȊȐȊȈȍȚșȧ, ȐȏȔȍȕȧȧșȤ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ. ǵȍșȔȖȚȘȧ ȕȈ ȐȏȔȍȕȟȐȊȖșȚȤ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ, ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȑȏ ȕȐȝ ȔȖȋțȚ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȚȤșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȌȓȐȕȕȣȝ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȖȊ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȘȖȚȖȕȈ șȖȝȘȈȕȧȦȚșȧ Ȋ ȚȍȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȍȘȐȖȌȈ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ (> 1033 șȍȒ.), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ, ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐ, ȉȖȓȤȠȍ, ȟȍȔ ȊȖȏȘȈșȚ ǪșȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ.

1 Richardson, Kurt A. “The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences – An Exploration in Complexity Thinking,” Futures, Vol. 37, Issue 7,2005, pp. 615-653, p. 617. 12 January 2011. http://kurtrichardson.com/Publications/Living_chapter.pdf.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǪȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȏȈȊȐșȐȚ ȖȚ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ, Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȟ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȘȍșȓȍȌțȍȚ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȣȝ ȟȈșȚȐȞ (ȍșȓȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȖȎȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚ, ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȡȐȑ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȥȚȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ) ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ Ȑ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ ȌȊțȝ ȟȍȓȖȊȍȒ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȟȍȔ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȣȔ. ǵȈ ȔȖȓȍȒțȓȧȘȕȖȔ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȥȚȖ șȌȍȓȈȚȤ ȕȈȔȕȖȋȖ ȓȍȋȟȍ, Ȉ ȕȈ țȘȖȊȕȍ ȗșȐȝȖȓȖȋȐȐ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȘȍȠȈȍȚșȧ ȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖ. ǹ ȌȈȓȤȕȍȑȠȐȔ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȐȍȔ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȍȔ țȎȍ șȖȞȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȏȈȌȈȟȈ ȘȈȏȋȘȈȕȐȟȍȕȐȧ ȊȕȖȊȤ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȗȖȕȧȚȤ, ȒȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȐȘțȍȚ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȋȖșțȌȈȘșȚȊȖ Ȋ ȚȍȘȔȐȕȈȝ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȌȍȓȤȕȣȝ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȍȑ, șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȖȑ1.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ ȐșȝȖȌȧȚ Ȑȏ ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȗȖșȚȖȧȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȟȍȚȒȐȝ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖ-ȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȗȘȖȟȐȝ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ. ǷȖȓ ǹȐȓȓȐȍȘș (Paul Cilliers) șȟȐȚȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ, «ȗȘȐȕȐȔȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, Ȕȣ ȖȉȧȏțȍȔșȧ ȉȣȚȤ ȒȘȐȚȐȟȕȣȔȐ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ ȚȖȋȖ, ȒȈȒ Ȕȣ ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȍȔ ȌȈȕȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȚȖ ȊȖȏȌȍȑșȚȊțȍȚ ȕȈ ȕȈȠȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȈȒȐȝ șȐșȚȍȔ Ȑ ȊȓȐȧȍȚ ȕȈ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȘȈȉȖȚȣ ș ȕȐȔȐ»2. ǶȟȍȊȐȌȕȖ, ȟȚȖȗȖȏȐȞȐȧȘȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȖȋȖȝȖȓȐȏȔȈ, ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȈȧȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȧȓȦȉȖȋȖȜȍȕȖȔȍȕȈȊȘȈȔȒȈȝȊșȍȑǪșȍȓȍȕȕȖȑ, ȕȍȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȣȔȗȖȌȝȖȌȖȔ. ǵȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȐȔȍȍȚ țȉȍȌȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȍ ȈȘȋțȔȍȕȚȣ Ȋ ȗȖȓȤȏț ȚȖȋȖ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ ȐȔȍȦȚșȧ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȍȓȤȕȖ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȣȍ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ Ȑ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ș ȗȘȐȍȔȓȍȔȖȑ șȚȍȗȍȕȤȦ ȚȖȟȕȖșȚȐ ȒȈȒ șțȡȍșȚȊțȦȡȐȍ Ȑ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ Ȗ ȕȍȒȖȔ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȐ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. DzțȘȚ ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ (Kurt Richardson) ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ țșȓȖȊȕȣȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȚȈȒȖȋȖ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȧ Ȋ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȈ Ȑ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ (ǸȐș. 1)3. ǵȈ ȖȌȕȖȔ ȒȖȕȞȍ șȗȍȒȚȘȈ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ Ȑ șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ, șȚȈȉȐȓȤȕȖșȚȤ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ Ȍȓȧ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȈ Ȟȍȓȍȑ Ȑ ȏȈȌȈȟ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȖȚȕȖșȐȚȤșȧ Ȓ ȕȐȔ ȒȈȒ Ȓ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣȔ Ȑ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȔ. ȅȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧȔ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț șȖȖȉȡȍșȚȊț, ȌȖșȚȐȟȤ ȊȏȈȐȔȖȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ ȗȖ ȗȈȘȈȌȐȋȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȔ ȖșȕȖȊȈȔ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȑ șȖȏȌȈȚȤ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȣȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ Ȍȓȧ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȧ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ Ȋ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȕșȚȊȍ șȓțȟȈȍȊ (ȕȖ ȕȍ ȊȖ Ȋșȍȝ) ȔȖȋțȚ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤșȧ ȒȈȒ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȣȍ. ǵȈ ȌȘțȋȖȔ ȒȖȕȞȍ șȗȍȒȚȘȈ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȘȈșȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȚșȧ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȐȚȤ ȖȚ ȜȖȕȖȊȖȋȖ ȠțȔȈ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ șȘȖȒ ȎȐȏȕȐ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔ ȚȈȒ ȒȘȈȚȖȒ, ȐȓȐ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ Ȑ ȗȘ. ȚȈȒ ȕȍȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȕȣ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșș ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȐȔȍȦȡȐȔșȧ Ȋ ȘȈșȗȖȘȧȎȍȕȐȐ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȍȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȣ, ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘȣ șȚȈȕȖȊȧȚșȧ șȒȖȘȍȍ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȔȐ ȜțȕȒȞȐȧȔȐ ȖȡțȡȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐșȊȖȑșȚȊȈȔȐȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ.

1 Richardson, The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences, p. 631-632.

2 Cilliers, Paul. “Boundaries, hierarchies and networks in complex systems,” International Journal of Innovation Management, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2001, p. 135-147, p. 142.

3 Richardson, The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences.

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ǷȘȖȞȍșș ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ, șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚșȧ Ȋ ȎȍșȚȒȖȑ ȏȈȊȐșȐȔȖșȚȐ ȖȚ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ. ǩȖȓȤȠȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ Ȑ șȐșȚȍȔ, ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȧȦȡȐȝ ȐȕȚȍȘȍș, ȕȈȝȖȌȐȚșȧ Ȋ șȘȍȌȕȍȑ ȟȈșȚȐ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ, ȒȖȋȌȈ ȊȣȌȍȓȍȕȐȍ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚȖȊ, șȚȘțȒȚțȘ Ȑ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȝȖȚȧ Ȑ ȕȍȚȘȐȊȐȈȓȤȕȖȑ, ȕȖ ȘȈȏȘȍȠȐȔȖȑ ȏȈȌȈȟȍȑ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȓȦȉȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȈȎȕȖȑ ȟȈșȚȤȦ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤșȒȖȋȖ ȗȘȖȞȍșșȈ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȕȈ ȒȈȒȖȔ țȟȈșȚȒȍ ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔȈ țșȚȖȑȟȐȊȖșȚȐ ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȍȚșȧ ȗȘȖȊȖȌȐȚȤ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȧ ȐȏțȟȈȍȔȖȋȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȈ ȐȓȐ șȐșȚȍȔȣ. ǸȈȌȐȒȈȓȤȕȣȍ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȐșȚȣ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȦȚ, ȟȚȖ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȍȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȣ ȒȖ ȊșȍȔț ȒȖȕȚȐȕțțȔț, Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȖȕȚȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȑ șȚȈȚțș ȋȘȈȕȐȞ, ȟȍȚȖȒ Ȑ ȖȌȕȖȏȕȈȟȍȕ. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȈȎȍ ȒȘȈȚȒȖȍ ȖȉșțȎȌȍȕȐȍ, ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȕȖȍ ȊȣȠȍ, ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ ȚȈȒ. ǹȖȋȓȈșȕȖ ǸȐȟȈȘȌț ȀȊȍȌȍȘț (Richard Shweder) șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȈȧ ȕȈțȒȈ ȉȣȓȈ șȖȏȌȈȕȈ Ȍȓȧ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȈȍȔȣȝ ȔȈȚȍȘȐȈȓȤȕȣȝ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȖȊ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȓȍȋȒȖ ȉȣȚȤ ȓȖȒȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ ȊȖ ȊȘȍȔȍȕȐ Ȑ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ Ȋ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȗȘȐșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ Ȑ ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȕȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȖȚȕȍșȍȕȣ Ȓ ȚȈȒȖȊȣȔ Ȑ, șȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȤȕȖ, ȕȈȝȖȌȧȚșȧ Ȋȕȍ ȞȈȘșȚȊȈ ȕȈțȒȐ1.

1 Shweder, Richard A. “A Polytheistic, Conception of the sciences and the virtues of deep variety,” in Damasio, A. R. A. Harrington, J. Kagan, B.S. McEewn, H. Moss, R. Shaikh (eds.), “Unity of Knowledge: The Convergence of Natural and Human Sciences,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 935, 2001, pp. 217-232. 12 January 2011. http://www.sci-hum.pwias.ubc.ca/media/pdf/Shweder_prep.mat.II.pdf.

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ǹdzǶǮǵǶǭ ǴȃȀdzǭǵǰǭ ǰ ǹǭǺȄ: ǷǨǸǨǬǰǫǴǨ ǵǭdzǰǵǭDZǵǶǹǺǰ ǰ ǹǸǭǬǨ ǩǭǯǶǷǨǹǵǶǹǺǰ 21 ǪǭDzǨ

ǷȘȖȉȓȍȔȈȚȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈșȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȕȐȧ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȉ ȏȕȈȟȐȚ, Ȑ șȈȔȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȗȘȐȊȖȌȐȚ Ȓ ȗȖȧȊȓȍȕȐȦ ȘȧȌȈ ȕȖȊȣȝ ȊȣȏȖȊȖȊ, ȚȘȍȉțȦȡȐȝ ȖșȔȣșȓȍȕȐȧ. Ǫ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ, ǹȐȓȓȐȍȘș ȗȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ Ȋ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȍ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ ȊȣȌȍȓȐȚȤ ȥȓȍȔȍȕȚ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȓ ȉȣ ȗȖȓȕȣȔ ȏȕȈȕȐȍȔ Ȗ șȐșȚȍȔȍ1. ǩȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȏȕȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȖȍ ȗȘȐ ȕȈȝȖȎȌȍȕȐȐ ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȕȍȍ, ȉțȌȍȚ ȖȚȓȐȟȈȚȤșȧ ȖȚ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ, ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȕȣȝ șȚȖȘȖȕȕȐȔ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȘȈȏȓȐȟȍȕȐȍ șțȉȢȍȒȚ-ȖȉȢȍȒȚ, ȗȘȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞ ȔȍȎȌț ȕȐȔȐ ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȚ Ȑ ȖȋȘȈȕȐȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȔȖȋțȚ ȉȣȚȤ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȣ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ. ǵȍ ȊȌȈȊȈȧșȤ ȋȓțȉȖȒȖ Ȋ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȕȕȖȑ ȗȘȖȉȓȍȔȣ, ȔȖȎȕȖ ȖȚȔȍȚȐȚȤ, ȟȚȖ șȓȖȎȕȖȍ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȍ Ȑ ȕȈțȒȈ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȓȍȋȐȚȐȔȐȘțȦȚ ȒȈȒ șțȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ. ǪȖȏȔȖȎȕȖ, ȥȚȖ ȗȘȖȐșȝȖȌȐȚ ȕȍ șȖȊșȍȔ «ȏȈȒȖȕȕȣȔ» ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ Ȑ ȉȍȏ ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖȑ șȚȘȖȋȖșȚȐ, șȊȖȑșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȕȈțȟȕȖȔț ȔȍȚȖȌț. ǺȍȔ ȕȍ Ȕȍȕȍȍ Ȋ ȌȈȕȕȖȔ șȓțȟȈȍ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȍȕ «ȊșȚȘȍȟȕȣȑ ȐșȒ» Ȑ ȊȖȗȘȖș: ȍșȓȐ ȕȈțȒȈ ȗȘȍȚȍȕȌțȍȚ ȕȈ ȗȖȓțȟȍȕȐȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȑ Ȗȉ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȐȊȕȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȕȈțȟȕȣȝ ȚȍȖȘȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȈțȟȕȖȋȖ ȔȍȚȖȌȈ, ȚȖ ȕȈșȒȖȓȤȒȖ Ȑ Ȋ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȔȈȧ ȗȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȈ ȔȐȘȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȈ, ȕȍȎȍȓȐ ȚȈ, ȟȚȖ ȜȖȘȔȐȘțȍȚșȧ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȓȐȟȕȖȋȖ ȖȗȣȚȈ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȚȍȓȧ? ǷȖȟȍȔț ȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȐ Ȕȍȕȍȍ ȌȍȑșȚȊȐȚȍȓȤȕȣ, ȟȍȔ Țȍ, ȟȚȖ ȖȗȐȘȈȦȚșȧ ȕȈ ȕȈțȒț Ȑ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ? ǫȌȍ ȚȖȚ ȒȘȐȚȍȘȐȑ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȕȈțȒȍ țȚȊȍȘȎȌȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȖȉȢȍȒȚȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȖȕȈ ȐșșȓȍȌțȍȚ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣ, ȟȍȔ Țȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈȎȌȣȑ Ȑȏ ȕȈș «ȊȐȌȐȚ» Ȋ ȗȖȊșȍȌȕȍȊȕȖȑ ȎȐȏȕȐ? Ǫ ȒȈȒȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ ȗȘȖȚȖȕȈ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȘȍȈȓȤȕȣ, ȟȍȔ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȓȐȟȕȖșȚȤ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȈȍȚ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȌȘțȏȍȑ ȐȓȐ ȊȘȈȋȖȊ?2

2.2 ǵȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ

ǸȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȧ șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ǹȐȓȓȐȍȘș, ȗȖȔȐȔȖ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȟȍȚȒȖ ȐȌȍȕȚȐȜȐȞȐȘȖȊȈȚȤ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȣ, ȊȊȖȌȐȚ ȗȖȕȧȚȐȍ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ (incompressibility) șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ: «Ǵȣ ȊȐȌȐȔ, ȟȚȖ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȚȖȟȕȖȋȖ (ȐȓȐ ȚȖȟȕȍȍ șȖȊȍȘȠȍȕȕȖȋȖ) ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ (representation) șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȒȖȚȖȘȖȍ ȉȣȓȖ ȉȣ ȗȘȖȡȍ, ȟȍȔ șȈȔȈ șȐșȚȍȔȈ. ǹȖȏȌȈȊȈȧ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ, Ȕȣ ȊȣȕțȎȌȍȕȣ ȖȗțșȒȈȚȤ ȕȍȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ șțȡȕȖșȚȐ (ȧȊȓȍȕȐȧ), Ȑ, ȚȈȒ ȒȈȒ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȣ ȥȚȐȝ ȗȘȖȗțșȒȖȊ ȕȍȓȐȕȍȑȕȣ, Ȕȣ ȕȍ ȔȖȎȍȔ ȗȘȍȌșȒȈȏȈȚȤ Ȑȝ ȏȕȈȟȐȔȖșȚȤ»3. ǹȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȊȣȊȖȌ, ȟȚȖ ȓțȟȠȐȔ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍȔ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ șȈȔȈ șȐșȚȍȔȈ. ǷȖȗȣȚȒȐ ȖȉȢȧșȕȐȚȤ ȗȘȐȘȖȌț Ȑ ȗȖȊȍȌȍȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȐȌȍȈȓȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȖȑ ȒȈȘȚȐȕȣ, ȉȖȓȍȍ ȗȘȖșȚȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ

1 Cilliers, Paul. Complexity and Postmodernism – Understanding Complex Systems. London: Routledge, 1998. pp. 4-5. 2 Richardson, The Hegemony of the Physical Sciences, pp. 640-641.

3 Cilliers, Paul. “Knowing complex systems,” in Richardson Kurt A. (ed.), Managing Organizational Complexity: Philosophy, Theory, and Application. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing, 2005. p. 13.12 January 2011. http://www.wkdialogue.ch/fileadmin/original_presentations/wkd_20060915_cilliers_knowing_complex_systems.pdf.

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ǸȈȟȤȧ ǨǸǯǻǴǨǵȇǵ

ȊșȍȋȌȈ ȕȍșțȚ ș șȖȉȖȑ ȖȗȈșȕȖșȚȤ ȕȍȗȖȓȕȖȋȖ ȐȓȐ ȌȈȎȍ ȕȍȗȘȈȊȐȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȍȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȧ. ǶȌȕȈȒȖ ȥȚȖ ȕȍ ȖȏȕȈȟȈȍȚ, ȟȚȖ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȕȍ ȐȔȍȦȚ ȗȘȈȊȈ ȕȈ șțȡȍșȚȊȖȊȈȕȐȍ. ǺȈȒȖȑ ȊȣȊȖȌ șȌȍȓȈȓ ȉȣ ȕȍȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȣȔ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ. ǰȌȍȧ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ șȒȖȘȍȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚ ȊȣȕȖșȐȚȤ șțȎȌȍȕȐȧ Ȗ ȋȘȈȕȐȞȈȝ ȗȖȏȕȈȊȈȍȔȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ Ȑ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȐȔȖșȚȐ ȚȖȑ ȐȓȐ ȐȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ, ȟȚȖ țȎȍ șȓȍȌțȍȚ ȘȈșȞȍȕȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȏȐȚȐȊȕȖȍ ȏȕȈȕȐȍ.

ǺȈȒȐȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ, ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȤ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ ȕȍ ȖȚȘȐȞȈȍȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑȝ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȧ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȖșȚȘȖȍȕȐȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ. ǩțȌțȟȐ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȣȔȐ Ȋ ȈȉșȖȓȦȚȕȖȔ șȔȣșȓȍ, șȓȖȎȕȣȍ șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȌȖȗțșȒȈȦȚ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȤ ȐȏțȟȍȕȐȧ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝ șȊȖȐȝ ȈșȗȍȒȚȖȊ, Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȟȍȘȍȏ ȐșșȓȍȌȖȊȈȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȊȈȎȕȖ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȚȤ, ȟȚȖ ȗȖȓțȟȈȍȔȣȍ ȘȍȏțȓȤȚȈȚȣ ȉțȌțȚ ȏȈȊȐșȍȚȤ ȖȚ ȗȘȐȔȍȕȧȍȔȖȋȖ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȧ, Ȑ Ȋ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȍ ȖȚșțȚșȚȊțȦȚ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȐȓȐ ȉȣ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȚȤ ȗȖȓȕȖȍ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ1. DzȈȒ șȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍ, ȕȍȖȉȝȖȌȐȔȖ ȕȈȓȐȟȐȍ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȈ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȒȈȎȌȈȧ Ȑȏ ȒȖȚȖȘȣȝ ȊȕȖșȐȚ șȊȖȦ ȓȍȗȚț Ȋ ȗȖȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, Ȉ ȕȈțȟȕȖȍ ȗȖȏȕȈȕȐȍ Ȑ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȈȘȐȑ ȕȈțȒȐ ȚȍȘȧȦȚ ȔȖȕȖȗȖȓȤȕȖȍ ȗȘȈȊȖ ȕȈ ȚȈȒȖȍ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȍ. ǺȍȏȐș Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȐȔȍȍȚșȧ ȔȕȖȎȍșȚȊȖ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȝ ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȑ ȖȌȕȖȑ Ȑ ȚȖȑ Ȏȍ șȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ, ȕȍ ȕȖȊ. ǯȈȒȖȕ ȒȖȔȗȓȍȔȍȕȚȈȘȕȖșȚȐ Ȗȉȡȍȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȐșȚȍȔ2, ȘȈșșȔȖȚȘȍȕȐȦ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȋȖ ȉțȌȍȚ țȌȍȓȍȕȖ ȊȕȐȔȈȕȐȍ ȌȈȓȍȍ, ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚ Ȗ ȚȖȔ, ȟȚȖ ȓȦȉȣȍ ȌȊȍ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȍ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȐ (ȐȓȐ ȔȖȌȍȓȐ) șȐșȚȍȔȣ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȦȚ ȗȖȓțȟȐȚȤ ȏȕȈȕȐȧ Ȗ șȐșȚȍȔȍ, ȒȖȚȖȘȣȍ ȒȈȒ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍ ȕȍȏȈȊȐșȐȔȣ, ȚȈȒ Ȑ ȗȖȓȕȖșȚȤȦ ȕȍ șȖȊȔȍșȚȐȔȣ. ǼȖȘȔțȓȐȘȖȊȒȈ ȌȈȕȕȖȋȖ ȏȈȒȖȕȈ ȧȏȣȒȖȔ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ ȔȖȋȓȈ ȉȣ ȏȊțȟȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ: șȓȖȎȕȈȧ șȐșȚȍȔȈ – șȐșȚȍȔȈ, ȒȖȚȖȘȈȧ ȐȔȍȍȚ ȌȊȈ ȐȓȐ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȕȍ ȗȍȘȍȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȖȗȐșȈȕȐȧ. ǸȐȟȈȘȌșȖȕ ȗȘȍȌȓȈȋȈȍȚ ȗȖȑȚȐ ȌȈȓȤȠȍ Ȑ ȋȖȊȖȘȐȚȤ ȕȍ ȗȘȖșȚȖ Ȗ ȉȍșȒȖȕȍȟȕȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȘȈȊȕȣȔ ȖȉȘȈȏȖȔ ȌȖȗțșȚȐȔȣȝ, ȕȍȗȍȘȍșȍȒȈȦȡȐȝșȧ ȗȘȖȍȒȞȐȑ, ȕȖ «ȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȤȕȖ ȗȘȖȚȐȊȖȘȍȟȈȡȐȝ» ȌȘțȋ ȌȘțȋț ȗȘȍȌșȚȈȊȓȍȕȐȧȝșȓȖȎȕȖȑ șȐșȚȍȔȣ3.

3. ǹȓȖȎȕȖșȚȤ Ȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ

ǹȓȍȌșȚȊȐȍȔ ȕȍșȎȐȔȈȍȔȖșȚȐ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔ șȚȈȕȖȊȐȚșȧ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȈȧ ȗȖȏȐȞȐȧ Ȑ ȗȓȦȘȈȓȐȏȔ ȒȈȒ ȕȍȖȚȢȍȔȓȍȔȈȧ ȟȈșȚȤ ȕȈțȒȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ Ȑ șȓȖȎȕȖȋȖ ȔȣȠȓȍȕȐȧ. ǷȘȐ ȥȚȖȔ ȖȒȈȏȣȊȈȦȚșȧ ȖȉȘȍȟȍȕȕȣȔȐ ȚȍȖȘȍȚȐȟȍșȒȐȑ ȔȖȕȐȏȔ Ȑ ȗȖȗȣȚȒȐ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȕȖȑ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȑ ȚȍȖȘȐȐ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȗȘȍȌȗȖȓȈȋȈȦȡȍȑ ȕȍ ȚȖȓȤȒȖ ȖȚȒȘȣȚȐȍ ȏȈȒȖȕȖȊ șȓȖȎȕȖșȚȐ, ȕȖ Ȑ Ȑȝ ȖȉȢȍȌȐȕȍȕȐȍ ȕȈ ȖșȕȖȊȍ ȕȍȒȖȍȋȖ țȕȐȊȍȘșȈȓȤȕȖȋȖ ȗȘȐȕȞȐȗȈ. ǰȔȍȕȕȖ ȌȈȕȕȣȑ ȗȖȌȝȖȌ ȓȍȎȐȚ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Ȋ

1 Richardson, Managing Complex Organizations, pp. 16-17

2 ǹȔȖȚȘȐ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, Weinberg, Gerald M. An Introduction to General Systems Thinking (silver anniversary ed.). New York: Dorset House Publishing, 2001.

3 Richardson, Managing Complex Organizations, p. 17.

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