- •1. INTRODUCTION
- •1.1. What is bionics?
- •1.2. Cybernetics and Bionics
- •1.3. Copying, Imitating and Enhancing Human and Animal Functions
- •1.4. From Body Part Healing To Life Extension
- •1.5. Part Human, Part Machine
- •2. DIFFERENT BODY PARTS
- •2.1. Artificial blood vessels
- •2.2. Synthetic Materials Outperform Natural Ones
- •2.3. Hybrid Vessels
- •2.4. Artificial blood vessels created on a 3D printer
- •2.5. Elastic biomaterials
- •2.6. Scientists develop bionic heart
- •2.7. Artificial Vision–A Bionic Eye
- •2.8. MARC System
- •2.9. Future Scope
- •2.10. Bionic Eyes Do More Than Prosthetic Eyes
- •2.11. Limitations of Bionic Eyes
- •2.12. Bionic ears
- •2.13. The future of bionic arm tech
- •2.14. The Bionic Bladder
- •2.15. The Implant
- •2.16. Lung patients' on-the-move oxygen lifeline
- •2.17. First Fully Bionic Man Walks, Talks and Breathes
- •2.18. Factory-made organs
- •2.19. The future of bionics could yield soft robotics and smart trousers
- •2.20. Soft robotics for bionic bell-bottoms
- •2.21. Bionic Exoskeleton: History, Development and the Future
- •2.22. Exoskeletons in Rehabilitation
- •2.24. Degrees of freedom
- •2.25. Range of motion
- •2.26. Joint Torques
- •2.27. Motion Velocity and Bandwidth Considerations
- •2.28. Considerations on Other Design Factors
- •2.29. The Exoskeletons Are Coming
- •2.30. The future of bioniс dynamos
МИНОБРНАУКИ РОССИИ
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Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» им. В. И. Ульянова (Ленина)
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H.А. ГАВРИК Ю. Б. ГЕНИНА И. В. КУЗЬМИЧ
СБОРНИК ТЕКСТОВ ПО ЧТЕНИЮ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ “BIONICS”
Учебно-методическое пособие
Санкт-Петербург Издательство СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ»
2018
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УДК 811.111(07)+612.13(07) ББК Ш 143.21-923+3 818я7
Г12
Гаврик Н. А., Генина Ю. Б., Кузьмич И. В.
Г12 Сборник текстов по чтению на английском языке “Bionics”: учеб.-метод. пособие. СПб.: Изд-во СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ», 2018. 48 с.
ISBN 978-5-7629-2445-0
Цель пособия – развитие и совершенствование у студентов бакалавриата и магистратуры умений работы с профессионально ориентированными текстами на английском языке. Представлены оригинальные тексты из английских и американских источников, направленные на освоение специальной лексики.
Предназначено для студентов ФИБС и ФЭЛ.
УДК 811.111(07)+612.13(07) ББК Ш 143.21-923+3 818я7
Рецензент канд. филол. наук Е. А. Барляева (СПбГАВМ).
Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебно-методического пособия
ISBN 978-5-7629-2445-0 |
© СПбГЭТУ «ЛЭТИ», 2018 |
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1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.What is bionics?
The term “bionic” was coined by Jack E Steel, an American medical doctor and retired US Air Force colonel (January 27, 1924 – January 19, 2009) in 1958, and is derived from the technical term “bion” meaning “unit of life” and the suffix “-ic” meaning “in the manner of” or “life like”.
The term was officially used as the title of a three-day air force symposium in September, 1960.
Bionics is defined as the development of a modern system or set of functions based on a similar system that exists in nature. The modern system thus represents characteristics of a natural system.
Bionics is the application of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. In medicine, this means the replacement or enhancement of organs or other body parts by mechanical versions.
1.2. Cybernetics and Bionics
Cybernetics is a multidisciplinary exploration of mechanical, physical, biological, cognitive and social systems while bionics is the machinery, such as small motors and actuators that are the hardware of cybernetics. The general goal of bionics is to augment human abilities, including strength, endurance and mobility and includes attempts to enhance or replace eyes, ears, noses, touch and taste.
The discipline goes so far as to integrate bionic machinery with the bloodstream and nerve endings so as to make the bionic replacement as good as or better than the original, possibly increasing functionality and performance beyond normal capacity while being more durable.
1.3. Copying, Imitating and Enhancing Human and Animal Functions
Today, bionics includes cochlear implants, exoskeletons, eyes, fingers, hands and even organs. The idea is to study biological systems and organisms and find engineering solutions to impairments experienced whether due to congenital defects, injury or disease. Bionics has come so far that researchers believe in the near future the processing of bionic parts will be operated using brain or body implants as is already the case with cochlear implants.
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