2654

4.They (are, were) hungry after me last lesson.

5.There (was, were) no wine for breakfast.

6.Nobody (smokes, smoked) in the classroom last evening.

7.A few minutes later somebody (knocks, knocked) at the door

8.Who (enter, entered) the room 10 minutes ago?

9.It (was, were) time to leave.

10.Mr. Snow (turns, turned) on the radio half an hour ago.

11.They (pay, paid) the bill and (leave, left) the hotel last Friday

4.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Skidding is the movement of tree products from the felling area over unimproved terrain to a skidway, landing, deck rollway or banking ground for further movement to the point of use.

The first step in getting forest products to the mill usually involves dragging the tree trunks, or parts of them, from the place where they are cut to a pile or yard where they can be loaded or dumped onto a truck, wagon, or railroad car. The first step is called “skidding”. In the far north it is more often known as “yarding”. Both terms, however, refer to the movement of single products or bunches of products for comparatively short distances from stump site to the point of loading on primary transportation facilities. The distance seldom exceeds 1 mile and is more generally under ½ mile. Sometimes skidding is performed in two stages by two different methods, such as by cable from a swamp or steep or broken ground and then by tractor to loading points. In such cases the first stage is often called skidding and the second – yarding.

Skidding methods have always been limited by the available sources of energy. For many years animals were the only source of mobile power that could be used for skidding and, at first, for primary hauling. With the advent of logging railroads, highpowered steam donkey engines and skidders could be taken to the timber and cable skidding became possible.

Hundreds of methods for doing this job have been developed through the years, ranging from crude hand methods to the complicated engine-and-cable systems used in big forests. Choice among them depends on the size and weight of the timber products to be handled, the type of ground to be traversed, the amount cut per acre, and the total amount to be handled. A big company that logs year after year can afford more expensive and specialized equipment than a small contractor or farmer who does parttime logging, even though both outfits are logging under about the same conditions.

Another important consideration in choosing the method of skidding is the conservation of the forest for the future cuts. Some methods of skidding, like the cable operations, are destroying all the trees left in the stand, including even the seedlings. But cable logging can be done in such a way as to reduce this damage materially. Skidding with animals is supposed to be the most conservative way of doing the job. But on some jobs animal skidding is done in such a way that unnecessary damage is done to the remaining trees. For preserving a stand to grow and provide work and wood for the future, the way in which the skidding is done is about as important as the choice of the method used.

Skidding is now done in many different ways with a wide variety of machines and equipment, ranging from one horse to mammoth tractors or cable skidders.

5.Поставьте глаголы, данные в скобках, в нужной форме:

1.Skidding (to be) the movement of tree products from felling area to a skidway.

2.The first step in getting forest products to the mill usually (to involve) dragging the tree trunks, or parts of them, from the place where they (to be cut) to a pile or yard where they can (to load) onto a truck.

3.Sometimes skidding (to perform) in two stages.

4.For many years animals (to be) the only source of mobile power that (to use) for primary hauling.

5.When logging roads (to appear), high-powered steam engines (to become) possible.

6.Choice among logging methods (to depend) on the size and weight of timber products.

7.For (to preserve) a stand to grow and provide work and wood for the future, it (to be) important (to chose) the proper method.

6.Найдите в тексте предложения в Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect (по одному предложению на каждое время). Напишите эти предложения в прошедшем и будущем времени.

Пример: John writes tests every week. John wrote a test two days ago. John will write a test tomorrow.

I am going to the University now.

I was going to the University at 8 a.m. yesterday.

I will be going to the University at that time tomorrow.

Ann has just done her home task.

Ann had done her home task by 6 o’clock yesterday.

Ann will have done her home task by the evening.

7. Переведите на русский язык следующие термины:

yard, pile, loading point, bunch of products, timber products, specialized equipment, cut (n), stand, seedlings, cable operations.

8.Просмотрите текст ещё раз и выполните следующие задания по его содержанию:

1.Найдите в тексте определения терминов “Skidding” и “Yarding”. Выпишите их.

2.Выпишите основные методы трелёвки (транспортировки) лесоматериалов. Переведите эти слова и словосочетания на русский язык.

3.Выпишите названия технологических машин и оборудования, встречающиеся в тексте.

МОДУЛЬ 9

LANDINGS

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Continuous описывают действие как процесс, как длительность в определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем:

I am going to school (now). Я иду в школу в настоящий момент.

I was reading a book yesterday at 5 o'clock. Я читал книгу вчера в 5 часов.

I will be watching TV tomorrow at 7 o'clock. Я буду смотреть телевизор завтра в семь часов.

Помимо этой функции, глаголы в Present Continuous выражают действие, отнесенное в ближайшее будущее: We are leaving for Moscow in July. Мы уезжаем в Москву в июле.

Формы глагола в Present Continuous

Present Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, длящегося в настоящий момент (now, at the moment). С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние (to feel, to be, to live, to stay, to hear, to see, to know, to remember, to think, to want, to like, to love) Present Continuous обычно не употребляется.

Формы глагола в Past Continuous

Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом.

Формы глагола в Future Continuous

Future Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет длиться в точно указанный момент или период в будущем.

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Landings are locations to which logs are skidded preparatory to being loaded and transported to mill or destination. They are generally at the same point between minor and major transportation. They are the places where logs are unloaded from one transportation medium to await loading on another or major transportation device. For example, logs may be horse-skidded to a landing to a main-haul road where sleds can transport them to another landing or banking ground along a stream. In some regions logs are skidded by tractor or power skidder to a landing along a railroad track where they are loaded on railroad cars and transported to the mills. Landings are generally

provided by clearing the ground of standing and fallen timber so that the logs may be loaded with the greatest facility. When the logs are to be rolled from one point to another, skids or round logs are provided to facilitate the movements of logs.

Landings vary greatly in size from a few square yards to a mile or more in length. In Wisconsin, in winter-sled logging, skidways are generally about 20 inches wide and 50 inches long. Landings may be from a few meters to a mile or more in length along a driving stream.

Where motor-truck haul is used in small timber, elevated skidways or high banks are preferred so that the logs may be rolled onto the trucks by hand with the least expenditure of time and effort.

The frequency of landings depends on the type and density of timber and the areas that are topographically tributary to them. Thus, only a few logs may be assembled on one landing, whereas several million feet may be skidded to another type.

Where hot logging is practiced, landing may be much smaller in area than where logs are cold-decked or left for some time awaiting further transportation.

Within recent years the prevailing practice has been to skid tree lengths to landings where they are loaded directly on trucks or other means of transportation or are bucked up into shorter log lengths by power saws as required by the sawmills. Larger landing areas should be designed for sawing long lengths or tree lengths into shorter lengths. Bucking can be done much more cheaply and effectively at landings than in the woods. Tractor skidding with its large available power has made possible the skidding of more long and tree lengths to landings in all forest regions.

4.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.Where are landings located?

2.What operations are done with logs at the landings?

3.How can logs be skidded?

4.What facilitates the movement of logs?

5.What is the size of the landings?

6.What does the frequency of landings depend on?

7.What means of transportation are used for skidding?

8.Where can bucking be done more effectively and cheaply?

5.Определите ключевые идеи каждого абзаца текста. Изложите письменно содержание текста в форме реферата ( приблизительно1/6 от общего объёма текста – 5-6 предложений).

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

l. When I (brought / was bringing) in the papers he (spoke / was speaking) on the phone. 2. When I (entered / was entering) they (discussed / were discussing) something.

3.He (felt / was feeling) that somebody (watched / was watching ) him.

4.I (met / was meeting) him while I (made / was making) a tour of France.

5.I (paid / was paying) my check when I (heard / was hearing) someone call my name.

6.I (turned / was turning) round and (saw / was seeing) Jenny.

7.Pardon, (I didn't hear / wasn't hearing) what you (said / were saying)!

8.I (finished / was finishing) shopping and (went / was going) home.

9.I (asked / was asking) her if she (knew / was knowing) any good Spanish restaurant there.

10.When I (came / was coming) back home I (took / was taking) an aspirin and (went / was going) to bed.

11.When Ruth (looked out / was looking out) of the window she (saw / was seeing) that it (still snowed / was still snowing).

МОДУЛЬ 10

TRUCK ROADS. ROAD MAINTENANCE.

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Глаголы в формах Perfect выражают действие завершенное, приведшее к определенному результату (или к отсутствию результата).

Можно сказать, что с помощью форм Perfect мы подводим итоги определенному периоду времени, определенных действий.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

With the increase in the use of motor trucks as the principal means of major transportation, the construction and operation of all-weather roads has become a matter of major importance in logging. For the relative level topography and open timber stands of southern pine and frequently flat areas of ponderosa pine, truck roads can be built at little expense, with a little brushing out and perhaps bridging and corduroying low swampy spots. On the other hand, in mountainous or rugged terrain and in heavy timber, the construction of roads is a matter of major expense.

Various forms of trail builders, bulldozers are used to build these truck roads. First the necessary planning in connection with a topographic contour map is done. Then the roads leading from felling and skidding areas to landings or sawmills must be built, together with the necessary clearance of right of way, excavation, drainage, surfacing, culverts, bridges and other necessary phases of road construction. Sometimes expensive rock work, cribbing and retaining walls must be constructed, especially if the road is of permanent or semipermanent construction. The maximum permissible adverse grades, width of highway, degree of course, and other items must be carefully planned so that truck loads may be carried at reasonable expense.

Road maintenance is also important in logging operations. The snow road is easy to maintain. Once the road surface is established, the scraper is practically the only tool used to maintain it. Scraping is needed to keep the road surface down to reasonable level, largely to simplify loading.

Iced roads require more maintenance. During hauling, the road is torn up through the day by tractor treads or truck chains, and it must be sprinkled and rutted practically every night. When there is a snowfall, plowing is needed before the road can be put into condition for hauling. In recent years heavy tractors or trucks with nose plows have been used more and more for such work.

Hand maintenance is also necessary. Dirt, bark, and manure must be cleaned out of the ruts. Hand shoveling, either into or out of the road, is needed to supplement the work of the plows and scrapers. Hand work with the axe is often necessary to remove obstruction from the ruts.

4. Вставьте необходимые слова:

1.The construction and operation of all-weather roads has become a matter of … in …

2.Various forms of trail builders and bulldozers are used to build …

3.The roads leading from … and …areas to … or … must be built.

4.The necessary phases of road construction are: …

5.On the surface of the snow road … is practically the only tool used to maintain it.

6.Iced roads require more …

7.When there is a snowfall, … is needed before the road can be put into condition for hauling.

8.… is needed to supplement the work of the plows and scrapers.

9.Hand work with … is often necessary to remove obstruction from the ruts.

5. Найдите ответы на вопросы в тексте:

1.What happened with the increase in the use of motor trucks?

2.Is it difficult or easy to build roads across flat forestered areas?

3.In what regions is the construction of roads a problem?

4.What transport is used to build truck roads?

5.What are the main stages of building roads? Enumerate them briefly.

6.What factors should be taken into consideration while building roads?

7.What road is easy to maintain?

8.Why do iced roads require more maintenance?

9.What machines and equipment are used to maintain snow and iced roads?

10.What kinds of work can be done by hand?

11.What equipment is used in hand maintenance of the roads?

6.Перескажите кратко содержание текста.

7.Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.They__________ the company two years ago.

a)started b) have started

2.He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990.

a)was b) has been

3.We________ the project yet.

a)didn't finish b) haven't finished

4.Our company_______ a big profit last year.

a)made b) have made

5.My car_________. I won't be able to drive to the countryside at the weekend.

a)broke down b) has broken down

6.He___________ a new car two weeks ago.

a)bought b) has bought

7.I_________ them since December.

a)didn't see b) haven't seen

8.Last year we________ to manufacture new items of office equipment.

a)began b) has begun

9.He and his wife, Helena,_________ for over 30 years.

a)were married b) have been married

8.Выпишите из текста предложение в Present Perfect. Напишите его в Past Perfect и Future Perfect. Поставьте по два вопроса (общий и специальный) к каждому предложению.

МОДУЛЬ 11

LOG HAULING IN WINTER

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

В английском сложноподчиненном предложении с придаточным дополнительным (вопрос «что?», «кто?», «чего?» и т.д.) соблюдаются правила согласования времен в главном и придаточном предложениях. Эти правила сводятся к следующему:

1.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол-сказуемое придаточного дополнительного предложения может стоять в любой временной форме, требуемой смыслом, например:

Не says you are right. Он говорит, что ты прав. Не will tell why he was not at school yesterday. Он скажет, почему он не был в школе вчера.

2.Если глагол-сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени (обычно Past Indefinite), то и глагол дополнительного придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен: He said he went to institute every day. Он сказал, что ходит в институт каждый день. Не told me he was preparing for his exam. Он сказал мне, что готовится к экзамену. I didn't know he had left for Moscow. Я не знал, что он уехал в Москву. Не told me that he would meet me at the college.

Он сказал мне, что встретит меня в колледже.

Прямая речь может быть либо передана так, как она была произнесена, либо описана с помощью сложноподчиненного предложения (косвенная речь):

Прямая речь вводится словами ... say/says/said, за которыми ставится запятая, и берется в кавычки. В косвенной речи запятая, как правило, не ставится и союз that часто не употребляется.

Условные предложения делятся на предложения реального условия и предложения нереального условия. Употребление глагольных форм в этих