2654

novel method. In most forest regions it is still practically unknown. The extent of its present application is insignificant except in the Russian Federation.

Under some conditions full-tree logging may be out of the question. Under certain other conditions, it may be the best logging method.

4. Завершите предложения:

1. Sometimes felled trees are branched and topped … 2. This frequently aggravates …

3. It would be a formidable task to concentrate logging residues for … 4. Spruce and fir-trees can be skidded by…

5 The disposal of slash can be accomplished at … or in …

6.One of the greatest obstacles to residue utilization could be removed by … 7. Methods may be divided into three groups according to …

8. Felled trees can be bucked at the stump into … 9. The timber may be hauled as…

10.Along with the advance of logging mechanization, there is a growing trend in many places toward … method, the benefits of which, under suitable conditions, have long ago been demonstrated.

5. Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Trees are always branched and topped at the stump.

2.The branches and the tops are often left as slash.

3.Spruce and fir can be skidded using full-tree logging method.

4.According to full-tree method, felled trees are branched, topped and bucked at the stump.

5.The disposal of slash can be accomplished at the landing more efficiently than in the cutting area.

6.Wood residues should be concentrated at roadside landing, where appropriate mechanical equipment is available.

7.Logging methods can be divided into three groups.

8.Concentrating the residues in the forest can solve the problem of utilization.

9.There is a growing trend in many places toward the full-tree logging method.

10.The tree-length method has no benefits.

6. Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1. Where are felled trees branched and topped in some cases? 2. What aggravates forest fire danger?

3. Full-tree logging is a rather new development, isn’t it? 4. How are trees skidded?

5. What technological machines are used while skidding?

6. Why is it more efficient to dispose slash at the landing than in the cutting area? 7. What is one of the greatest obstacles to residue utilization?

8. How many logging methods are mentioned in this text? What are they?

9. What is the ratio between the common practice and the use of tree-length method? 10.Is full-tree logging widely used in the Russian Federation?

11.How are trees skidded using common (traditional) practice?

12. What is the difference between tree-length and full-tree methods?

МОДУЛЬ 6

BUCKING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите порядок слов в английском предложении. Приведите примеры простых безличных предложений, используя выученную лексику.

В английском предложении каждый член предложения, как правило, имеет свое определенное место. В простом распространенном повествовательном предложении на первом месте стоит

1) подлежащее, 2) сказуемое, 3) второстепенные члены предложения

(дополнение и обстоятельства образа действия, места, времени).

Например: 1) I, 2) gave, 3) mу brother, 3) a book, 4) yesterday.

Английские предложения отличаются от русских тем, что в них всегда есть подлежащее и сказуемое. Поэтому в безличных предложениях в качестве формального подлежащего используется местоимение it. Очень часто безличные предложения описывают явление природы, состояние погоды, обозначают время, расстояние:

It is cold today. Сегодня холодно. It rains. Идет дождь. It's nice to meet you. Приятно познакомиться. It is nine o'clock now. Сейчас девять часов.

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы безличных предложений образуются по тем же правилам, что и вопросительные и отрицательные формы предложений с именным составным сказуемым. Частица not ставится после первого вспомогательного глагола. Например: Is it cold? – Холодно? Wasn't it interesting? – Разве это не было интересно? Isn't it funny? – Разве это не смешно?

Оборот there is / there are служит для выражения наличия (отсутствия) какоголибо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время. Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним:

There is a chair and two armchairs in the room. – В комнате стул и два кресла. There are two armchairs and a chair in the room. – В комнате два кресла и стул.

Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is / there are строятся следующим образом:

Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Will there be lessons tomorrow? Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

As wood operations have become mechanized, the bucking operations – cutting the tree into log lengths – have been shifting from the stump location to the landing by the roadside or even to the plant where the wood is utilized. This trend is expected to continue. There is economy in handling long logs or treelength timber when the quantity to be handled justifies the purchase of heavy equipment for skidding, loading and hauling. There is also economy in doing the bucking at the landing or in the mill yard – semiportable power saws become feasible; logs can be cut to more accurate lengths. A bucking crew that does nothing else will be able to develop skill in cutting the maximum quality logs, especially out of hardwood trees.

In the smaller operations, however, and in a great many other cases the bucking is still being done in the woods. Even at the landing and the yard, some of the bucking will be done by hand. The subject of hand bucking still deserves attention.

Two things to avoid in bucking are: getting the saw blade pinched, and sawing into the ground. Care should also be taken that the bucked-off log does not fall or roll on one of the buckers. These things can be largely eliminated by seeing that the log is properly supported.

Bucking for integrated logging. The term “integrated logging” is applied to jobs where a variety of products are being cut. The tree trunks are cut up into the products that have the greatest value, whether it to be veneer logs, sawlogs, bolts, pulpwood, or fuel wood. Cutting up trees in this way calls for knowledge of the specification for these various products, and also for the knowledge of markets that will enable the operator to sell them profitably.

On the bigger jobs integrated logging is most frequently carried on by bringing tree lengths into a landing. It is possible to have there a bucking crew that understands the requirements for the various products to be marketed, and can recognize what each section of the tree should be cut into.

Even with the hand tools bucking can be done at the landing faster and more efficiently than it can buck in the woods. But more and more frequently bucking at the landing is done with machinery. A chain saw can be used. The electric chain saw has proved to be very efficient tool for this type of work.

Accuracy of measurement is important, especially in bucking sawlogs. Ordinarily a 3-inch trimming allowance for each 16 foot or shorter length is specified in order that any irregularity in the ends can be evened off by the trim saws at the mill, leaving square-end boards of the full specified length.

4. Укажите подлежащее, сказуемое и второстепенные члены в каждом предложении:

1.Wood operations have become mechanized.

2.There is economy in handling long logs.

3.The quantity of logs to be handled justifies the purchase of heavy equipment for skidding, loading and hauling.

4.Bucking can be done at the landing or in the mill yard.

5.A bucking crew will be able to develop skill in cutting hardwood trees.

6.Small operations are still being done in the woods.

7.Hand bucking still deserves attention.

8.At the landing and the yard some of the bucking will be done by hand.

9.The tree trunks are cut up into the products that have the greatest value.

10.Cutting up trees calls for knowledge of the specification of wood products.

11.It is possible to have a bucking crew that understands the requirements for the various products to be marketed.

12.An experienced woodman can recognize what each section of the tree should be cut into.

13.But more and more frequently bucking at the landing is done with machinery. 14.The electric chainsaw has proved to be a very efficient tool for this type of work.

5. Опровергните высказывания:

1.There is economy in doing the bucking at the landing or in the mill yard.

2.Power saws are useful for this work.

3.Logs can be cut to more accurate lengths.

4.One should avoid sawing into the ground.

5.The log must be properly supported.

6.The tree stems are cut into veneer logs.

7.Even with the hand tools bucking may be done at the landing faster and more efficiently than it can buck in the woods.

8.Sometimes workers use a chainsaw.

9.Accuracy of measurement in bucking sawlogs is important.

6. Составьте повествовательные предложения, используя слова из таблицы:

7. Напишите предложения в вопросительной форме (общий вопрос):

1.There is some lemonade for you.

2.There is a cheque on the desk.

3.There are some museums in the city.

4.There are some matches in the box.

5.There is a bar in this street.

6 There are a few questions to discuss now.

7.There is a nice place to visit in this country.

8.There are some traveller's cheques in the briefcase.

9.There is no river flowing through your town.

10.There are no questions to ask.

11.There is somebody here.

МОДУЛЬ 7

ADVANTAGES OF TRACTORS OVER OTHER METHOD OF SKIDDING AND HAULING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите основные типы вопросов в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

1. Общий вопрос (general question) относится ко всему предложению в целом, и ответом на него будут слова yes или по:

Do you like ice-cream? – Yes, I do. Can you speak English? – Yes, I can. Have you bought a text book? – Yes, I have.

Порядок слов в общем вопросе:

1)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

2)подлежащее (существительное или местоимение);

3)смысловой глагол (или дополнение).

Глагол to be может выполнять функции вспомогательного и смыслового глагола одновременно. Are you a schoolboy? – No, I am not.

2.Альтернативный вопрос (alternative question) начинается как общий вопрос, затем следует разделительный союз or и вторая часть вопроса. Альтернативный вопрос предполагает выбор из двух возможностей:

Do you like coffee or tea? — Вы любите кофе или чай?

3.Специальный вопрос (special question) относится к какому-нибудь члену предложения или их группе и требует конкретного ответа:

What is your name? – My name is Peter. Where do you live? – I live in Rostov.

Специальный вопрос всегда начинается со специального вопросительного слова:

Порядок слов в специальном вопросе:

1)вопросительное слово (what, where, who, when, how и т. д.);

2)вспомогательный (модальный, глагол-связка) глагол;

3)подлежащее;

4)смысловой глагол;

5)дополнения;

6)обстоятельства (места, времени, образа действия и т.д.).

Вспециальных вопросах, обращенных к подлежащему, в формах Present и Past Indefinite не употребляется вспомогательный глагол do (does, did) и сохраняется прямой порядок слов:

Who wants to go to the cinema? Whose pen is it? Who lives here?

Обратите внимание, что в специальных вопросах к подлежащему в форме Present Indefinite сказуемое согласуется с вопросительными словами what и who в 3-м лице ед. числа, если отсутствует упоминание о количестве действующих лиц:

The problems are very important. – What is very important?

4. Разделительный вопрос (Tail question)

Разделительный вопрос состоит из двух частей. Первая часть – это повествовательное предложение (утвердительное или отрицательное); вторая, отделённая запятой от первой – краткий вопрос:

You live in this house, don’t you?

Если в повествовательной части разделительного вопроса содержится утверждение, то во второй – отрицание. Если в повествовательной части – отрицание, то во второй, как правило – утверждение:

You are a student, aren’t you? You are not a student, are you?

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Tractors are available with track tread as wide as 24 inches to give extremely low pressure per square inch of bearing area. A man walking through a swamp exerts a pressure of about 10 lb. per square inch, whereas a tractor with wide tracks exerts a pressure of only about 4 lb. per square inch. Such low pressures allow the tractor to log areas so swampy that cable-like skidders can be the only alternative.

Depending on the timber and operation conditions, full-tree skidding may be done with horses, wheeled tractors, cable skidders, crawler tractors.

Tractors working in the heart of swamps during good and bad weather have reduced the need for setting up cable-line skidding equipment with their relatively high manpower requirements. Tractors leave the forest in better condition for regrowth of timber and do less damage to remaining trees than do cable skidders. With selective or partial cutting of trees becoming fixed policies of many mills, it is almost imperative that tractors be used to avoid costly destruction of young growth or seed trees caused by power-line skidding. With tractors individual trees may be selected with ease owing to their great mobility.

Another advantage of tractors in the woods is their versatility. After skidding logs to the landing, a tractor can load trucks in one of many ways.

It can then complete the job by towing the loaded truck up steep grades or over soft spots on the haul road. Many tractors are logging with bulldozer blade in front and an arch of sulky behind. After the arch is unpinched, the tractor can build roads or “roughout” landings for trucks. One tractor-mounted crane is available that can be detached from the tractor in less than an hour. The tractor is then free to skid logs, haul wagons, or build roads with its attached bulldozer blade. Or the crane can load logs or serve as a dragline where very soft swampy ground requires improvements.

Tractors serve as an auxiliary to power-line skidding; making possible the logging of remote timber in far corners of the tract without expensive railroad construction. This practice is common in the western regions.

4.Завершите предложения:

1.Depending on the timber and operation conditions, full-tree skidding may be done with …

2.Tractors are able to work in the heart of …

3.Tractors are used to avoid the destruction of … … and …

4.One of the advantages of tractors is…

5.… or … cutting of trees has become a usual practice for many mills.

6.After skidding logs to the landing, a tractor can …

5.Согласитесь с утверждением или опровергните высказывание:

1.Tractors are available with track tread as wide as 24 inches to give extremely low pressure per square inch of bearing area.

2.A tractor with wide tracks can work in swampy areas.

3.Tractors leave the forest in worth condition for regrowth of timber.

4.Cable skidders do less damage to remaining trees than tractors.

5.There is no need for setting up cable-line skidding equipment in the places where tractors work.

6.After skidding logs to the landing, a tractor can load trucks.

7.It is impossible to build roads or landings with the help of tractors.

6.Найдите в тексте ответы на вопросы:

1.What pressure does a tractor exert per square inch?

2.Tractors leave the forest in better condition for regrowth of timber, don’t they?

3.What jobs can tractors complete?

4.What types of tractors are mentioned in this text?

5.What are the main advantages of tractors?

7.Выпишите из текста 5 простых предложений и задайте к каждому из них по два вопроса: общий и специальный.

8.Задайте специальный вопрос к каждому предложению:

1.Pete introduces Nick to David.

2.They shake hands and follow Nick to the car.

3.They see David and come up to him.

4.They look through the correspondence in the office.

8.He works as a manager.

9.Trade needs finance.

10.The Buyers always ask the Sellers to grant them a discount.

11.We discussed all these details.

12.English Immigration officers usually speak Russian.

14 They have difficulty in answering questions. 15 The steward says that flight is three hours long.

16.Next Friday David leaves Moscow for St-Petersburg.

17.The secretary answers the calls.

18.David promises to telephone to settle the problem.

19.They want to reduce the fee.

20.He never keeps his promise.

МОДУЛЬ 8

SKIDDING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите времена английского глагола. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Времена английского глагола

Глаголы в формах Indefinite (Simple) описывают обычные, повторяющиеся действия как факт – безотносительно к их длительности или к результату действия:

I go to school every day. Я хожу в школу каждый день.

I went to school when I was a boy. Я ходил в школу, когда был мальчиком. I shall go to school when I grow up. Я буду ходить в школу, когда вырасту.

Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употребляются слова every day / week, month, year (каждый день / неделю, месяц, год), often (часто), seldom

(редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never (никогда).

Отрицательная и вопросительная формы в Indefinite образуются при помощи вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did с частицей not, краткая форма: don't, doesn't, didn't: We do not write much. – Do we write much?

He didn't like the film. – Did he like the film? – What film didn't he like?

По способу образования прошедшего времени все глаголы в английском языке можно разделить на две группы: правильные и неправильные (regular and irregular verbs). У правильных глаголов вторая и третья формы (Past Indefinite Tense и Past Participle – простое прошедшее время и причастие прошедшего времени) совпадают между собой и образуются путем прибавления к основе глагола окончания -ed (-d):

to ask – asked, to change – changed, to receive – received to work – worked.

При этом существует ряд особенностей:

а) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей согласной, то буква у меняется на i и добавляется окончание -ed: to supply – supplied, to apply – applied;

б) если глагол оканчивается на -у с предшествующей гласной, то буква у не меняется и добавляется окончание -ed: to stay – stayed, to play – played;

в) если глагол оканчивается на согласную с предшествующим кратким гласным звуком, то согласная на конце удваивается: to stop – stopped.

Неправильные глаголы образуют вторую и третью формы различными способами, без четких правил. Эти формы следует сверять по словарю и учить наизусть. Для описания регулярно повторявшихся действий, которые происходили в прошлом, используются также глаголы used to или would:

I used to watch TV a lot. In summer we would get up early and go for a swim.

3. Выберите нужную форму глагола из предложенных в скобках:

1.It (is, was) Thursday yesterday.

2.Paul (drinks, drank) a cup of tea two hours ago.

3.She (listen, listened) to the music last week.