2654

8. I've heard________ about this project but I don't know all the details. a) something b) anything c) everything

9) ______ was noticed leaving the house that night apart from Mr. Blake himself. Not a single person.

a) Someone b) No one c) Everyone

10.______who was present at the party was questioned by the Inspector. All of them were suspected.

a) Everybody b) Nobody c) Someone

МОДУЛЬ 3

FELLING AND LOG-MAKING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила употребления вопросительных и неопределенных местоимений в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Вопросительные местоимения Эти местоимения употребляются в вопросительных предложениях.

What (что, какой, какая, какое, какие)

What is it? Что это такое? What book is it? Какая это книга?

Who (кто)

Who is this man? Кто этот человек?

Whose (чей)

Whose pencil is it? Чей это карандаш?

Which (который)

Which of these books is yours? Которая из этих книг твоя?

When (когда)

When does the lesson begin? Когда начинается урок?

Why (почему, зачем)

Why did you come here? Почему вы пришли сюда?

How (как)

How are you? Как поживаете?

How many (much) (сколько)

Вопросительное местоимение what относится к cловам, обозначающим вещи, предметы, явления. Вопросительное местоимение who относится к cловам, обозначающим людей. Однако, обратите внимание:

Who is he? Кто он? (как его зовут) Не is Mr Johnson. What is he? Кто он? (по профессии) Не is a broker.

Неопределенные местоимения some, any, отрицательное местоимение по и их производные

Употребление some и any, а также их производных определяется типом предложения. В утвердительном предложении употребляются, как правило, местоимение some и его производные:

Give me something to read, please. Дайте мне что-нибудь почитать, пожалуйста. I met him somewhere before. Я встречал его где-то раньше.

Ввопросительных и отрицательных предложениях обычно используются местоимение any и его производные:

Have you seen him anywhere? Вы видели его где-нибудь?

Is there anything I can do for you? Могу ли я что-нибудь для вас сделать?

Вотрицательных предложениях используется либо местоимение any и его производные:

I cannot find this book anywhere. Я не могу нигде найти эту книгу.

–либо отрицательное местоимение no:

There is nobody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

There isn't anybody in that room. В той комнате никого нет.

Различия между местоимениями any и some – в степени неопределенности, поэтому иногда местоимение any можно встретить и в утвердительных предложениях:

You can find this book anywhere. Эту книгу вы можете найти где угодно.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

The process of cutting down a tree is called felling. The felling may be done with hand or bow saw or with power saw. The men who do it are called fellers or cutters. The task of the feller or felling crew in the woods is to fell a tree so that it will not lodge against another, will not break because of uneven ground and will lie so that it can be trimmed of branches, cut into logs, and skidded to the landing with least difficulty. The lean of the tree and the side that has the heaviest part of the crown will determine to some extent which way it must fall. Driving wedges in the saw cut will sometimes change this; and a skillfully placed undercut will provide a very accurate dropping of the tree. An undercut is made by removing a wedge-shaped section of the trunk. The backcut will be made and the tree will fall in the direction of the undercut. A narrow

strip of wood left between the undercut and the backcut will prevent the tree from rotating on the stump as it falls.

The tree must be cut at the lowest point in order to reduce the height of the stump. In America the stump is sometimes cut from 12 up to 18 inches and even from 16 up to 24 inches from the ground because of the great size of trees. Care must be taken to avoid the damage to young trees in selecting the place to drop the tree.

Then comes the logging or bucking which is sometimes power-driven. As the bole may be used for different purposes, the log must be cut into short or into long lengths. But sometimes the entire bole is transported. The bark of the bole is usually removed with an axe. Red wood logs are rossed in the forest before the boles are made into logs. Spruce logs intended for pulpwood are also peeled in the forest.

4. Поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужной форме. Найдите сказуемые в предложениях. Определите время и залог каждого предложения:

1.The felling may (to do) with hand or bow saw or with power saw.

2.The men who (to do) it (to call) fellers or cutters.

3.The task of the feller or felling crew in the woods is (to fell) a tree.

4.The tree can (to trim) of branches, (to cut) into logs, and (to skid) to the landing.

5.The lean of the tree and the side that has the heaviest part of the crown (to determine) to some extent which way it (must) (to fall).

6.An undercut (to make) by removing a wedge-shaped section of the trunk.

7.The backcut (to prevent) the tree from rotating on the stump as it (to fall).

8.The tree (must) (to cut) at the lowest point in order (to reduce) the height of the stump.

9.Care (must) (to take) (to avoid) the damage to young trees in selecting the place (to drop) the tree.

10.Spruce logs (to intend) for pulpwood are also (to peel) in the forest.

5.Составьте план текста и определите ключевые идеи по каждому из пунктов плана.

6.Укажите исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные, выберите нужное слово из предложенных в скобках:

1.There are very (much, many) people in the restaurant.

2.There isn’t (many, much) beer in the bottle.

3.Is there (much, many) coffee in the cup?

4.Give me (a few, a little) travellers' cheques.

5.There are (many, much) visitors in Moscow now.

6.(A few, a little) passengers are going to the Departure Control

7.He had (a little, a few) luggage with him.

8.Will you give me (a few, a little) wine, please?

9.There are very (few, little) restaurants in this street.

10.How (much, many) time have you got? I'll call you back in (a few, a little) minutes.

7. Изложите кратко содержание тем:

1)The way felling is done.

2)Undercut and backcut.

3)Logging and bucking.

МОДУЛЬ 4

DIRECTION OF FALL. ROTTEN TREES.

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите правила образования степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке. Приведите примеры, используя выученную лексику.

Прилагательные обозначают признаки предметов и отвечают на вопрос какой?: а wide road – широкая дорога, а tall tree – высокое дерево, аn interesting book – интересная книга. Наречия отвечают на вопрос как?:

He speaks English well. – Он говорит по-английски хорошо. Прилагательные и наречия имеют три формы степеней сравнения:

положительную (positive degree), сравнительную (comparative degree), превосходную (superlative degree)

Формы сравнительной и превосходной степеней образуются двумя способами:

1.Односложные прилагательные образуют форму сравнительной степени при помощи суффикса -er, а форму превосходной степени – с определенным артиклем the при помощи суффикса -est: strong – stronger – the strongest, cold – colder – the coldest. Подобным образом образуют степени сравнения и некоторые двусложные прилагательные: easy – easier – the easiest, clever – cleverer – the cleverest.

2.Многосложные прилагательные образуют сравнительную степень при помощи слова more, а превосходную степень – при помощи the most: famous – more (less) famous – the most (least) famous, interesting - more interesting – the most interesting.

Исключения при образовании степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий:

3.Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Felling is about the most difficult and dangerous part of the logger’s job.

Before putting axe or saw to the tree, it is necessary to size it up carefully and decide just where the tree should be dropped. Frequently the choice is limited by the lay-out of the operation and the location of the tree. Inexperienced woodmen may take unnecessary work for themselves and take unnecessary chance of injury by jumping into the job too hastily.

If the tree is leaning not more than 5 degrees, has about the same size of limbs all around, and is not being pushed by a strong breeze, the fallers can drop it in any direction they choose.

Big trees that lean noticeably or have heavy branches on one side can seldom be thrown in the opposite direction. It is always dangerous to fell a tree into another one, either of which has dead branches. It is also unwise to fell a tree straight up a steep slope. The tree may bounce as it strikes the slope and its butt may kick back over the stump to strike the unsuspecting faller who thought he was safely away from danger. The butt of the tree may also strike one side or the other side of the stump. The best way is to fell the tree diagonally on the hillside and seek safety on the upper side of the stump away from the direction of the fall. Trees felled straight down a steep slope are likely to be shattered by the fall. It is a bad practice to let a tree fall across a large rock or stump or another log. Obstructions like these are likely to break the stem and cause much waste of good timber.

Rotten-butted trees present a difficult felling problem. It is very hard to anticipate the time or direction of their fall. Most serious accidents in felling occur in attempting to bring down rotten-butted trees. If possible, make the felling cut high enough to avoid the worst of the rot. This not only results in safer felling, but also saves the time required to saw the rotten wood off the butt log. When the butt of the tree is badly rotted, it is much safer to chop it down and not use the saw at all. Be more than usually alert when felling a rotten-butted tree. It is likely to fall at almost any time and the direction in which it falls is very difficult to control.

4.Найдите в тексте прилагательные и наречия и образуйте с ними три степени сравнения.

5.Выберите из глаголов, данных в скобках, правильный вариант:

1.The choice (is, are) limited by the location of the tree.

2.Inexperienced woodman sometimes (take, takes) unnecessary work.

3.Big trees usually (lean, are leaning) noticeably.

4.Big trees (has, have) heavy branches.

5.The tree may (strike, strikes) the slope.

6.The best way (is, are) to fell the tree diagonally.

7.It is a bad practice to let the tree (fall, fell) across a large rock or stump.

8.Rotten-butted trees present (presents) a difficult felling problem.

9.Serious accidents (occur, occurs) in felling rotten trees.

10.The direction in which the tree (fall, falls) is very difficult to (control, controlled).

11.The one-person business (is, are) prevalent in farming and forestry.

6. Поставьте по два вопроса (общий и специальный) к следующим предложениям:

1. Felling is difficult and dangerous.

2.It is necessary to decide where the tree should be dropped.

3.The tree is leaning slightly.

4.The tree has large and small limbs.

5.The tree may bounce as it strikes the slope.

6. The best way is to fell the tree diagonally on the hillside.

7.The butt of the tree sometimes strikes the stump.

8.Obstructions like these are likely to break the stem and cause much waste of good timber.

9.Trees felled straight down a steep slope are likely to be shattered by the fall.

10. Rotten-butted trees present a serious felling problem.

11. Making the felling cut high saves the time required to saw the rotten wood off the butt.

7. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму:

1. The stump should be more than 12 inches above the ground level. 2. The tree has fallen by the end of the day.

3. The cut tree may fall out of line.

4. The wise feller carefully watches the tree as it falls.

5. Frequently the choice is limited by the lay-out of the operation and the location of the tree.

6. Two small trees are leaning more than 7 degrees.

7. Big trees that lean noticeably or have heavy branches on one side can seldom be thrown in the opposite direction.

8. It is always dangerous to fell a tree into another one, either of which has dead branches.

9.Most serious accidents in felling occur in attempting to bring down rotten-butted trees.

10.A rotten-butted tree is likely to fall at almost any time.

11.The direction in which it falls is very difficult to control.

8. Выберите нужную форму наречия:

1. Would you like some more cake? – Yes, just_________, please.

a)a few b) a bit

2.We've got ___________work to do by the end of the week.

a)many b) a great deal of

3.There weren't___________ people in the street when the accident happened.

a)many b) a lot of

4.The sitting of the Committee was postponed because________people arrived. The number was not enough for the quorum.

a)a few b) few

5.Can I have an apple from this basket? – Yes, of course. Take ________you like.

a)some b) any

6.Would you like_________ beer, sir?

a)some b) any

7.We've got nothing in the fridge. I must go and get_____ food.

a)some b) any

8.I wondered how _________Alice had told him.

a)much b) many

9.In conclusion I'd like to say ________words about our meeting.

a)few b) a few

МОДУЛЬ 5

FULL-TREE LOGGING

1. Выучите слова и словосочетания по теме:

2. Повторите числительные. Приведите примеры часто встречающихся в английском языке предлогов.

Числительные (Numerals) hundred, thousand, million не имеют окончания -s, когда перед ними стоит другое числительное. Когда числительные обозначают неопределенное количество, они употребляются во множественном числе с окончанием -s, за которым следует предлог of. Сравните:

Номера страниц, домов, квартир, транспорта, деловой документации обозначаются существительными без артикля и количественными: bus 72, page 15, house 40, flat 13, order 2154.

Даты читаются следующим образом:

1900 – nineteen hundred, in (the year) nineteen hundred,

2000 – two thousand, in (the year) two thousand.

April 12, 2015:

on the twelfth of April, two thousand ten или on April the twelfth, twenty ten.

Как читаются дробные числительные?

Предлоги, обозначающие место above (над)

There is a lamp above the table. – Над столом висит лампа. at (у, в, возле, рядом)

I am sitting at the table. – Я сижу у стола. I study at school. – Я учусь в школе. The pupils are at the lesson. – Ученики на уроке.

behind (за, позади, сзади)

There is a sport ground behind our school. – 3a нашей школой спортплощадка. between (между)

Between the tables. – Между столами. in (в)

Не is in the office. – Он в офисе. The books are in the bag. – Книги в портфеле. on (на)

The book is on the desk. – Книга на столе. under (под)

The book is under the table. – Книга под столом. in front of (впереди, перед)

There is a telephone in front of him. – Перед ним стоит телефон. near (вблизи, около, рядом с, возле, за)

She is sitting near the table. – Она сидит за столом.

Предлоги, обозначающие движение to (к)

Come to me. – Подойдите ко мне. from (от, из, со)

Take this book from the table. – Убери книгу со стола. I come from Russia. — Я из России.

through (через, сквозь)

Не came in through the door. – Он вошел внутрь через дверь.

3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:

Sometimes felled trees are only branched and topped at the stump. The branches and the tops, usually constituting ten to thirty per cent of the tree, are left as slash. This frequently aggravates the forest fire danger. Nothing is usually done with this tangled mass of logging residue, since it would be a formidable task to concentrate it for processing.

Full-tree logging is a rather new development, hardly known as yet in most countries. Felled trees are skidded whole, with crowns on, and may even be hauled unbranched, to be worked up at the landing. Trees of up to about 1 – 1,5 feet in D.E.H., and of reasonably normal form, can be handled in this way, particularly spruce and fir. Such trees can apparently be skidded, by tractor or by cable, about as efficiently as timber that has been branched or branched and bucked – notwithstanding the extra weight of the crown. The cutover is then left, even after clear-cutting, essentially free of slash.

The disposal of slash can certainly be accomplished at the landing much more efficiently than in the cutting area. The prospect for the utilization of at least part of the residues should be greatly increased by the concentration of these residues at roadside landing, where appropriate mechanical equipment may be readily employed.

By solving the problem of concentrating the residues at the landing, full-tree logging could remove what has hitherto been one of the greatest obstacles to residue utilization.

Logging methods may be divided into three groups according to the nature of the load unit in the initial transportation stage, as follows:

1.“Common” (traditional) practice. Felled trees are branched, topped and bucked at the stump into logs, bolts, poles, etc., before skidding.

2.Tree-length method. Trees are only branched and topped at the stump, the trunks being bucked after skidding or subsequent transportation.

3.Full-tree method. Felled trees are skidded intact, with crowns on. The cutover, where only felling is done, is left essentially free of slash. The timber may even be hauled as full trees but more often it is branched and bucked, or at least

branched and topped, at the landing.

In many important timber regions of the world the prevalence of the “common” practice is so great that the ratio between its use and that of the tree-length method may be of an order of 100:1.

Habits usually persist in logging. Yet along with the advance of logging mechanization, there is a growing trend in many places toward the tree-length method, the benefits of which, under suitable conditions, have long ago been demonstrated.

Full-tree logging represents a revolutionary change as compared with the common practice and with the tree-length method. Generally speaking, full-tree logging is a