135

(c) Facilitate the expeditious and safe customs clearance of educational, scientific or cultural materials.

Article V

Nothing in this Agreement shall affect the right of contracting States to take measures, in conformity with their legislation, to prohibit or limit the importation, or the circulation after importation, of articles on grounds relating directly to national security, public order or public morals.

Article IX

I. This Agreement, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic, shall bear today's date and remain open for signature by all Member States of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization, all Member States of the United Nations…..

Done at Lake Success, New York, this twenty-second day of November one thousand nine hundred and fifty …..

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)формы самовыражения

b)поощрять сотрудничество

d)способствовать целям

e)выдача необходимых разрешительных документов

f)отменить ограничения на

g)подписавшие соглашение страны.

Exercise2. Complete these word partnerships.

Exercise 3 Complete these sentences.

1.Dissemination of the diverse forms of self-expression used by civilizations are vitally important for ………………..

2.The contracting States undertake to grant the necessary licenses and/or foreign exchange for the importation of the articles№........................

3.The contracting States will as far as possible continue their common efforts to promote .........................…

4. The contracting States will simplify ……………………

5 . This Agreement, of which the English and French texts are equally authentic remains open for signature by........................…

Exercise 4 Answer these questions.

1.What kind of international compact is it?

2.Who are the parties to the Agreement?

3.When and where was the Agreement adopted?

4.What is the goal of the document?

Total : 23

Your score :_________________

TEXT 7.

Supplementary Protocol to the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Concluded 1 February 1971)

The States signatory to the present Protocol,

In the knowledge that certain grounds of jurisdiction, which are not included in Articles 10 and 11 of the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, can only exceptionally justify the international recognition and enforcement of judgments,

Convinced that the principles upon which this Protocol is founded shall prevail both in Supplementary Agreements, which will be concluded under Article 21 of the said Convention and in other Conventions to be concluded in the future,

Have resolved to conclude a Protocol to this end, and agreed on the following provisions:

(1)This Protocol shall apply to all foreign decisions, regardless of their State of origin, rendered in matters to which the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters extends, and directed against a person having his domicile or habitual residence in a Contracting State. …….

(2)Contracting States for the purposes of Articles 1 and 2 are States which are Parties to the Convention, and are linked by a Supplementary Agreement in accordance with Article 21 thereof.

(3)The grounds of jurisdiction referred to in the first paragraph of Article 2 are the following -

a) the presence in the territory of the State of origin of property belonging to the defendant, or the seizure by the plaintiff of property situated there, unless –

- the action is brought to assert proprietary or possessory rights in that property, or arises from another issue relating to such property, - the property constitutes the security for a debt which is the subject-matter of the action;

b)the nationality of the plaintiff;

c)the domicile, habitual residence or ordinary residence of the plaintiff within the territory of the State of origin unless the assumption of jurisdiction on such a ground is permitted by way of an exception made on account of the particular subject-matter of a class of contracts;

d)the fact that the defendant carried on business within the territory of the State of origin, unless the action arises from that business;

e)service of a writ upon the defendant within the territory of the State of origin during his temporary presence there;

f)a unilateral specification of the forum by the plaintiff, particularly in an invoice.

(4)A legal person shall be considered to have its domicile or habitual residence where it has its seat, its place of incorporation, or its principal place of business.

(5)This Protocol shall not prevail over present or future Conventions which, in relation to special fields, provide for any of the grounds of jurisdiction specified in Article 4.

(6)This Protocol applies subject to the provisions of existing Conventions relating to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments…….

(7)The present Protocol shall be open for signature by every State which has signed the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of

Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters…..

It shall enter into force on the sixtieth day after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification….

A denunciation of the Convention entails the denunciation of the Protocol.

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Protocol.

Done at The Hague, on the first day of February, 1971, in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic, in a single copy which shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the Netherlands and of which a certified copy shall be sent, through the diplomatic channel, to each of the States represented at the Tenth Session of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, and to Cyprus, Iceland and Malta.

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)международное признание и применение судебных решений

b)временное и постоянное проживание

d)отстаивать право собственности на

e)судебная повестка/предписание

f)временное присутствие

g)влечет за собой денонсацию.

Exercise 2 Fill in the appropriate prepositions.

I The States signatory ____ the present Protocol have resolved to conclude a Protocol.

2.A This Protocol shall apply ___all foreign decisions, regardless of their State of

origin .

3. The present Protocol shall be open____ signature by every State .

4.These States signed the Hague Convention ____the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters.

5.It shall enter ____force on the sixtieth day after the deposit of the second instrument of ratification.

6.In witness ______the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto, have signed this Protocol.

Exerctse 3 Complete these sentences.

1.The States signatory have resolved to ______________

2.This Protocol shall apply to __________________

3.The grounds of jurisdiction, which are not included in the Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters are _____________

4.This Protocol shall not prevail over____________________

5.This Protocol applies __________________

6.The present Protocol shall be open for _________________

7.The Protocol shall enter into force _________________

Total : 19

Your score :_________________

TEXT 8.7PPЗЗЗззЗЗ

ЗPeacekeeping

Peacekeeping is a term mainly used to describe actions sponsored by the UN. Peacekeeping operations are authorized by the Security Council, endowed by the UN Charter with primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security.

A traditional peacekeeping operation is established when parties to a conflict, typically two states, agree to the interposition of UN troops to uphold a ceasefire. Limited numbers of lightly armed troops are introduced and situated between the combatants, and they provide a symbolic guarantor of the peace.

The Security Council maintains authority over the operation, expressed through the Secretary-General of the UN and the military commander, authorized under Chapter 6 of the Charter, although the term ‘peacekeeping’ is conspicuous by its absence.

UN troops, voluntarily provided by member states, can use force in selfdefence or in defence of their mandate. They are to be impartial throughout

the operation and derive their legitimacy from representing the international community as a whole. Examples of traditional peacekeeping operations include the operations in Cyprus, which have separated the Greek and Turkish communities (1964) ; in the state of Jammu and Kashmir, disputed by India and Pakistan (1949) ; and in the Golan Heights, between Israel and Syria ( 1974).

Often referred to as ‘Blue Berets’ or ‘Blue Helmets’, the military units in peacekeeping operations remain members of their own national armies with their own command and control, but serve under a UN-appointed local commander. For a peacekeeping operation to succeed, it needs to secure not only the co-operation of the conflicting parties, but also of the international community, including regional and non-governmental organizations, donors, and member states.

Since the end of the Cold War, superpower constraints no longer hinder effective execution of policy at the UN and international intervention now encompasses the issues of common concern and collective security as originally intended in the UN Charter. Concurrently there has been a drastic increase in civil conflicts, with 90 per cent of deaths being civilian. Correspondingly, the number of Security Council resolutions on peacekeeping around the world has also increased significantly.

Peacekeeping today therefore comprises a wider range of activities, which has prompted the introduction of new terms in military, political, and academic circles. Subsequent operations have used even more robust rules of engagement, often in situations where there is no ceasefire nor a peace to keep. Here, the term ‘peace enforcement’ has been used to describe these operations, complying with the notion of ‘collective security’, as described in Chapter 7, Article 42, of the UN Charter: ‘the Security Council … may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of members of the United Nations’.

Peace enforcement thus takes place when the Security Council authorizes member states to use ‘all necessary means’ to prohibit or check acts of aggression, and deal with armed conflict or threats to peace, and not always with the consent of the parties on the ground.

Some peace-enforcement missions have been controlled by leading states, as the USA initially did in Haiti and Somalia, or France in Rwanda. Peace enforcement operations are authorized by the Security Council only as a last resort, when all other peaceful means have been exhausted.

Today's complex missions incorporate political, military, and humanitarian activities—depending on the needs and mandate of the operation—which

have built upon traditional UN peacekeeping. UN troops now have increased responsibility to undertake tasks as diverse as preventing the outbreak of hostilities,; disarming, demobilizing, and reintegrating troops to secure the conflict area, creating buffer zones, and monitoring troop withdrawals; providing security for repatriation of refugees and for elections, and helping to rebuild infrastructure; protecting and delivering humanitarian relief; guaranteeing free access or denying such access to belligerents,; and clearing landmines.

Civilian police trainers, electoral observers, human-rights monitors, and others have also joined military UN peacekeepers in some operations, and they too participate in peace-building and peacemaking activities. Another term that is used to describe the current array of military options in complex political environments that require several simultaneous responses, is ‘peace-support operation’. This term subsumes traditional Chapter 6 peacekeeping operations and Chapter 7 peace-enforcement operations, since many missions now incorporate both. A final term utilized to describe operations that are situated between defensive peacekeeping and intensive peace enforcement is ‘peace maintenance’. This term incorporates political negotiations, humanitarian assistance, the use of force, and the rebuilding of civil society.

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)миротворческие операции

b)быть санкционированным Советом Безопасности ООН

c)ввод войск ООН

d)содействовать прекращению огня

e)быть беспристрастными

f)гарант мира

g)операция по поддержанию мира

Exercise 2 Say if the sentences are true or false.

1.Peacekeeping operations are authorized by the Security Council, endowed by the UN Charter.

2.The UN never tried to act as an independent power in its own right.3. The Security Council maintains authority over the operation, expressed through the Secretary-General of the UN and the military commander, authorized under Chapter 6 of the Charter.

4.UN troops, voluntarily provided by member states, can not use force in selfdefence or in defence of their mandate.

5.Peacekeeping today therefore comprises a wider range of activities.

6.A final term utilized to describe operations that are situated between defensive peacekeeping and intensive peace enforcement is ‘peace support’.

Exerctse 3 Complete these sentences.

1.A traditional peacekeeping operation is established when ______________

2.The UN peace0keepers are referred to as __________________

3.For a peacekeeping operation to succeed, it needs _____________

4.Today's complex missions incorporate ___________________

5.Another term that is used to describe the current array of military options is

__________________

6.This term ‘peace maintenance’ incorporates _________________

Exercise 4 Answer these questions.

1.What kind of action is peacekeeping?

2.What is a traditional peacekeeping operation ? 3.What activities does peacekeeping comprise today ? 4.What does peace-support operation’ incorporate?

Total : 23

Your score :_________________

TEXT 9.

Ten Rules Code of Personal Conduct for Blue Helmets

Dress, think, talk, act and behave in a manner befitting the dignity of a disciplined, caring, considerate, mature, respected and trusted soldier, displaying the highest integrity and impartiality.

Have pride in your position as a peace-keeper and do not abuse or misuse your authority.

Respect the law of the land of the host country, their local culture, traditions,

customs and practices.

Treat the inhabitants of the host country with respect, courtesy and consideration.

You are there as a guest to help them and in so doing will be welcomed with admiration.

Neither solicit or accept any material reward, honor or gift.

Do not indulge in immoral acts of sexual, physical or psychological abuse or exploitation of the local population or United Nations staff, especially

women and children.

Respect and regard the human rights of all. Support and aid the infirm, sick and weak. Do not act in revenge or with malice, in particular when dealing with prisoners, detainees or people in your custody.

Properly care for and account for all United Nations money, vehicles, equipment and property assigned to you and do not trade or barter with them to seek personal benefits.

Show military courtesy and pay appropriate compliments to all members of the mission, including other United Nations contingents regardless of their creed, gender, rank or origin.

Show respect for and promote the environment, including the flora and fauna, of the host country.

Do not engage in excessive consumption of alcohol or traffic in drugs. Exercise the utmost discretion in handling confidential information and matters of official business which can put lives into danger or soil the image of the United Nations.

Exercise 1 Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)the dignity of soldier

b)to abuse or misuse your authority.

c)to treat the inhabitants of the host country d)to accept any material reward

e)to show courtesy

f)excessive consumption of alcohol

g)to soil the image .

Exercise 2 Fill in the appropriate prepositions.

1.Blue Helmets dress, think, talk, act and behave _____ a manner befitting the dignity of a disciplined, caring, considerate, mature, respected and trusted soldier.

2.Blue Helmets have pride __their position as a peace-keeper.

3. Blue Helmets treat the inhabitants of the host country ___respect, courtesy and consideration.

4.Blue Helmets care___ or all United Nations money, vehicles, equipment and property.

5.Blue Helmets show military courtesy and pay appropriate compliments ___all members of the mission.

6.Blue Helmets exercise the utmost discretion___handling confidential

information and matters of official business.

Exerctse 3 Complete these sentences.

Blue Helmets never indulge in ______________

The UN peace-keepers do not act in revenge or with malice, in particular when

__________________

The UN peace-keepers Show military courtesy and pay appropriate compliments to all members of the mission regardless of ___________

The UN peace-keepers show respect for and promote the environment, including __________________

It is prohibited to engage in _____________

Everybody should exercise the utmost discretion in ____________________

Total : 19

Your score :_________________

TEXT 9

Amnesty International and Armed Conflicts

Where wars erupt, suffering and hardship invariably follow. Conflict is the breeding ground for mass violations of human rights including unlawful killings, torture, forced displacement and starvation.In conflicts across the globe, governments and armed groups routinely attack civilians and commit war crimes and terrible abuses of human rights. And yet, even in war there are rules that all sides are legally bound to obey. International humanitarian law (IHL), also known as the laws of armed conflict or the laws of war, has developed in order to mitigate the effects of such conflict. It limits the means and methods of conducting military operations. Its rules oblige combatants to spare civilians and those who no longer participate in hostilities, such as soldiers who have been wounded or have surrendered. IHL applies only during armed conflict; human rights law applies in war and peace.But powerful nations have shown a sinister willingness to manipulate international institutions or apply double standards, often arming forces known to commit mass abuses while disclaiming responsibility for the carnage.Although international organizations such as the United Nations have advanced in their capacity to monitor and report on human rights in conflict situations, few perpetrators of mass abuses against civilians are held accountable.Continuing violence feeds on unresolved grievances arising