89

contain a narrative of the offense stating facts sufficient to show probable cause as to each and every element of the charged offense. Some of the facts in the affidavit may include the following:

•date

•time

•place

•reason for the contact and/or seizure

•if and why a search occurred

•name and address of all parties present (including names of superior officers present)

•name, address, identifying information, and description of the accused

•any statement of the accused

•name of victim (State law protects the public release of the identification of sexual assault victims.)

•city or county where offense occurred

•offense charged

•correct Statute number or county or municipal ordinance

•any other information necessary to establish probable cause

In addition, the arresting officer must swear or affirm that the information contained in the probable cause affidavit is true and then sign the document. The notary public-deputy clerk of court, or another officer who administered the oath to the arresting officer must also sign as required and affix any official seal.

Elemental information is often attached to the probable cause affidavit. This information may include names and addresses of essential witnesses, witness statements, a list of tangible evidence seized .

Guidelines for Writing a Probable Cause Affidavit

When writing probable cause affidavits, an officer must write legibly, use the appropriate term designated by the officer's agency or jurisdiction, and ensure that the offense occurred within the officers jurisdiction. The officer must also check the Statutes or the Criminal Jury Instructions to review the elements of the offense for which probable cause is to be established. Personal identification information of the suspect is required on the form. The officer should review witness statements, offense and supplemental reports, and collected evidence before writing the affidavit narrative.

This narrative is not a duplicate of the offense report, nor is it a statement of all

evidence against the suspect. The officer should review the narrative for completeness and correct any grammatical or typographical errors before swearing to the truthfulness of the affidavit. Finally, the officer must follow department policy for approval and submission of paperwork.З

Exercise 1. Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)письменное показание с целью выдачи ордера на арест

b)предъявить официальное обвинение

c)под присягой

d)описание правонарушения

e)вещественные доказательства

f)писать разборчиво

g)достоверность

Exercise 2. Say if the sentences are true or false.

1.One of the most important skills a law enforcement officer must develop is the ability to write legally sufficient probable cause affidavits for arrests and other documents.

2.Probable cause affidavits are used by the police officers to determine if there was sufficient probable cause to detain the individual.

3.Affidavits must contain a narrative of the offense stating facts sufficient to show probable cause as to each and every element of the charged offense.

4. The arresting officer doesn't need to sign the document, he only affirms that the information contained in the probable cause affidavit is true.

5. Elemental information attached to the probable cause affidavit may include names and addresses of essential witnesses, witness statements, a list of tangible evidence seized .

6. The affidavit narrative is a duplicate of the offense report.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences.

1.An arrest affidavit is........................................................................

2. Some of the facts in the affidavit may include ..............................

3.The notary public-deputy clerk of court is required to....................

4.When writing probable cause affidavits, an officer must

5.The officer should review ..............................................................

6.The officer must follow ..................................................................................

Exercise 4. Answer these questions.

1.What is called an arrest affidavit ?

2.What is this document used for by the judge?

3.What is a probable cause affidavit used for by the assistant state attorney ?

4. May an officer's statement of the facts be used by the del attorney in preparing the defense?

Total : 23

Your score :_________________

TEXT 8.

Statement

A statement is a permanent, verbal, or written record of a person's account of an incident or occurrence that may or may not be made under oath. Written statement may be taken from anyone who has information about any crime, incident, occurrence. This may include, but is not limited to, witnesses, suspects, and victims. When to take a written statement often depends on circumstances or agency police. Agency policies or the local State Attorney's Office should be consulted for the preferred procedure on locations, materials, equipment, and interpreters needed for the statement. Most jurisdictions require that the statement be sworn. Written statements must be notarized, and audio/video-recorded statements must be made under oath. These statements must be preserved as evidence in the court.

Information contained in witness statements may be used to complete a report, offer probable cause, file an affidavit, or obtain a warrant. The information may be admissible in court and could help to solve a crime or identify additional suspects or witnesses who have information about a crime, incident, or occurrence.

When asking an individual to provide a written statement, an officer must be sure to explain the reason for the request and should be clear about what information (who. what, when, where, how, and why of the incident) is needed. However, the officer should never offer an opinion or interpretation of events. If the individual said something important but leaves it out of the written statement, that individual should be asked to include the information.

Before taking statements from multiple witnesses, they should be separated to prevent them from discussing the incident among themselves. To get the information needed, individuals should be questioned one at a time. General questions help to determine which persons should be asked to provide sworn statements. One of the best questions to begin with is, "Can you tell me what happened?" The officer should listen to the person's response before asking more questions. If the person has important information or facts regarding the incident, the officer should take a written statement. Statements are unnecessary from people who say they saw and heard nothing unless the officer believes that they are not being truthful.

Under certain circumstances, it may be impossible to take a statement. An officer should always document why there is not a statement from an individual. For example, an injured person who requires immediate medical attention probably cannot give a statement at the scene.

Exercise 1. Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)происшествие

b)нотариально заверить

c)сохранить в качестве доказательства для предоставления в суд

d)несколько свидетелей

e)предоставить показания под присягой

f)нуждаться в медицинской помощи

g)на месте происшествия.

Exercise 2. Fill in the appropriate prepositions.

1.Written statement may be taken ___ anyone who has information___ any crime, incident, occurrence.

2.Statements must be preserved ___ evidence___ the court.

3.When asking a person to provide a written statement, a police officer must explain the reason ___ the request.

4.A police officer should never offer an opinion or interpretation ___ events.

5.Multiple witnesses should be separated to prevent them___ discussing the incident.

6.An injured person who requires immediate medical attention probably cannot

give a statement ___ the scene.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences.

1. A statement is...............................................................................

2. Written statement may include....................................................

3. Information contained in witness statements is used to..............

4. When asking an individual to make a written statement, an officer must........

5. One of the best questions to begin with is..................................

6. Statements are unnecessary from people......................................

Total : 19

Your score :_________________

TEXT 9

Report

A report is a written document prepared by a law enforcement officer that gives information about an event, situation, or person encountered by the officer. Writing reports is a critical job function for all law enforcement office However, many officers find this important task difficult to accomplish. A report documents the facts involved in an incident. An officer will write some kind of report after completing nearly every assignment. Therefore, officers must become skilled in writing effective, clear, concise reports. A report reflects the writer's competence and professionalism not only in writing but also in all aspects of police work.

A well-written report is important because it results in better police work and more convictions, reduces legal liability for both the officer and the department, and save the department time and expense. Law enforcement personnel are frequently heard say, "If it isn't in the report, it did not happen." This underscores the point that report writing is one of the most important skills necessary for an officer's success. More importantly, a criminal could go free and threaten the safety of the community as result of a poor-quality report.

Once a report is submitted and approved, it becomes a permanent public record. The report must be able to withstand the test of time because it may be used years after the incident occurred. Most agencies have procedures describing appropriate forms of the reports, and how reports are stored. The officer should be familiar with agency forms and the pertinent information

required to complete each one.

The primary officer prepares the offense-incident report. If the information pertains a previously documented incident, the officer must prepare a supplemental report. A supplemental report should be attached to the primary officer's report. An office supervisor may be responsible for preparing certain reports following incidents such as officer use of force. Although officers write many types of reports, the focus here is operational reports. Operational reports are generally linked to three major categories: offense-incident reports, arrest affidavits, and supplemental or follow-up reports.

All reports are not written the same way. Before beginning a report, an officer should consider the circumstances and situation he or she is trying to document. A burglar report, for example, will have different information and may be in a different form, than a found property report.

Other incidents that require reports include the following:

•all crimes

•use of force by an officer

•suicide / natural death

•found property

•runaway juvenile

•traffic crashes (under certain circumstances) as required by law

•miscellaneous noncriminal or suspicious incidents

•additional or supplemental information

Reports serve specific purposes that include examining past events, keeping other law enforcement officers informed, continuing investigations, preparing court cases, coordinating law enforcement activities, planning future law enforcement services, and evaluating law enforcement officers' performance.

Exercise 1. Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)подать рапорт

b)выполнить задание

c)документировать факты

d)соответствующая информация

e)учитывать обстоятельства

f)сбежавший из дома несовершеннолетний

g)оценивать выполнение работы

Exercise 2. Match these words and synonyms.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences.

1.A report is.......................................................................

2.Officers must become skilled in ......................................

3.A report reflects ..................................................................

4.A well-written report is important because .....................

5.Incidents that require reports include .............................

Exercise 4. Answer these questions.

1. Why is report writing one of the most important skills necessary for an officer's success?

2.What should the officer be familiar with?

3.When is a supplemental report prepared?

4.What specific purposes do reports serve?

Total : 22

Your score :_________________

TEXT 10

Global Police Cooperation

INTERPOL is the key agency for global law enforcement cooperation, but the United Nations, the Customs Cooperation Council, the G7 (Group of the world’s most highly industrialized nations), and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also play important, if intermittent, roles in promoting cooperation. INTERPOL provides a system of multilateral communication of police information; it helps coordinate inquiries and its secretary general can initiate them.

The origins of INTERPOL are curious and its international status uncertain— some observers feel that the lack of a treaty basis for the organization detracts from its authority and legitimacy. But the organization is now almost universally accepted as an intergovernmental one. It has radically upgraded its computer and communications equipment, become more open with the media, dropped its practice of noninvolvement in terrorist cases, and has generally become more adaptable in the face of changing patterns of international crime. Although its reputation varies in the law enforcement community over time and according to region of the world, it is an indispensable communications system and an important link between national police forces.

The United Nations plays an essential supportive role in international law enforcement—as a forum in which international treaties can be negotiated (on subjects such as trafficking in people, crime prevention, and human rights), a repository for statistical and legal information about criminal matters, and provider of aid to improve the capacity for criminal law enforcement in less developed countries. Its biggest influence on practical law enforcement has been in the field of drug trafficking. The work of the United Nations’ Division of

Narcotic Drugs, established shortly after the founding of the UN, has since January 1992 amalgamated with other antidrug activities of the UN International Drug Control Program and promoted four basic conventions: the 1961 Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Drugs, the 1988 Vienna Convention (mainly concerned with law enforcement measures), and the 1999 Convention on Organized Crime.

The harmonization of efforts in drug law enforcement and the repression of financial crime has been supported by the action of the Group of Seven, through measures against money laundering, including the setting up of a Financial Action Task Force (FATF) in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) and encouraging the setting up of national financial intelligence units. These latter members of an international network known as the Egmont Group, act as clearinghouses for information and are national points of contact.

Exercise 1. Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)Организация Объединенных Наций

b)Большая Семерка

d)неопределенный статус

e)умалять авторитет и легитимность

f)перед лицом меняющейся преступности

g)незаменимая система коммуникаций

Exercise 2. Complete these word partnerships.

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences.

3.INTERPOL provides .........................................................................

4.The reputation of INTERPOL varies depending on ………………. 5.The United Nations plays an essential role in international law as.......

6. The Egmont Group includes..................................................................

Exercise 4. Answer these questions.

1.What international organizations play important roles in promoting cooperation?

2.Why is INTERPOL international status uncertain?

3.What is INTERPOL recognized for?

4.What if INTERPOL's biggest influence on practical law enforcement?

5.What are the UN four basic conventions in the field of drug trafficking?

Total : 25

Your score :_________________

KEYS

TEXT 1. Legal System

Exercise 1. Find these words and word combinations in the text.

a)to maintain order

b)common law

c)three-branch structure

d)executive power

e)legislative power

f)judicial power

g)Statutory law

Exercise 2 . Say if the sentences are true or false.

1.T

2.F

3.F

4.T

5.T

Exercise 3. Complete these sentences.