Раздел III. ПУБЛИЦИСТИЧЕСКИЕ И НАУЧНО-ПОПУЛЯРНЫЕ ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АННОТИРОВАНИЯ

Общие задания к текстам:

мнение, касающееся представленной информации – ее качеств: истинности /

ФРАЗЫ ДЛЯ ННОТИРОВ НИЯ ТЕКСТА

Задание: изучите данные ниже фразы, дополните таблицу переводом.

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The article “To protect our Earth” was published in the journal “Science and religion” in 2006. It includes a rather interesting interview with professor Zaycev. He speaks about general capacity to create special defense from space objects. The author underlines that scientists are ready to create such kind of system. Acceding to our mind the most interesting part of this discussion is the structure of this system. It consists of three parts: the fist one – system of detecting and following the object; the second one – system of control; and the third one – system of capture and destruction. The most important thing is that equipment has been already created and it is possible to build a system of space security right now. But there are some financial problems. In the conclusion the author tells about importance of solution of this problem as soon as it possible because the Earth could be found in a danger any time.

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ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ АНАЛИЗА И АННОТИРОВАНИЯ

Text 24. What is Stress?

(1) It is different things to different people. To a mountaineer it is the challenge of pushing physical resources to the limit by striving to achieve a demanding goal. To

Сdestructive force. However, not all stress is negative. The word eustress has been coined to describe positive stress. Eustress is the type of stress you are likely to experience when you inherit a large amount of money or receive an unexpected promotion or reward. Eustress is the stress of winning and achieving.

the homeward bound motorist it can be heavy traffic and exhaust fumes. To the student it can be exam pressure.

Take a piece of paper and write the word stress at the top. Now write down all the

words and images that come to your mind as you think about this word.

Most people respond to the word stress in negative ways. They see it as a

coping.иDistress affects people in a negative often harmful manner. We all experience distress from time to time. It is a normal, unavoidable part of living.

world which isбАgoing to cause us to frequently get stressed. We experience stress as the body adjusts to the external demands placed upon it. Our body constantly seeks to

Negative stress is distress. It is the stress of losing, failing, overworking and not

(2) Stressors Cause Stress

Stress results from failure to adequately cope with stressors. Stressors could be

loud noise, uncomfortable air-conditioning, debts, ringing telephones, broken relationships, unrealistic deadlines, discouragement, fear, pain and thousands of other things that impact upon us in the normal course of life.

It is impossible to avoid stressors. The only totally stress-free state is death!

Stressors will always be there because we live in an imperfect and unpredictable

maintain stability and stress is usually sensed as the body readjusts to too much pressure.

Д

We need to assist our bodies to cope with being stressed because our natural biological stress-adjustors are not ideally suited to the Иdemands of modern living. Our bodies are well suited to cope with the distressing events faced by our primitive ancestors. The stressors faced by humans conditioned to a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle are obviously different to the distressing lifestyle of today.

Our distant ancestors needed chemical responses that are inappropriate today. If you physically ran away from your workplace whenever things got on top of you then this would not enhance your standing in the Organisation. Conversely if you punch the boss on the nose when he/she gives you a tough time then the resulting dismissal and assault charges will generate considerably greater levels of distress. Consequently we need to develop special skills to deal with special stressors.

(3) The Consequences of Stress

One of the pioneers of stress research, Dr. Hans Selye wrote that "...stress is essentially reflected by the rate of all the wear and tear caused by life."

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7. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: "...stress is essentially reflected by the rate of all the wear and tear caused by life."

А) It’s pity; I don’t know the name of the author. B) I’d like to quote Dr. Hans Selye’s thought… C) The subject of the article is…

СD) The author determines the nature of...

8. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннот рования: Evaluating the situation the conclusion can be drawn that…

Аи) We can do ourselves a great deal of harm by stressful thinking.

B) A weakened immune system makes us vulnerable to infection and this is why people under stress often experience regular attacks of colds and flu.

C) It is impossible to avoid stressors.

D) Most peopleбАrespond to the word stress in negative ways.

9. Изуч те данное в део: https://youtu.be/v-t1Z5-oPtU. Расскажите, какая

новая информац я (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую нформацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 25. Body Language

(1)Body language is a broad term for forms of communication using body movements or gestures instead of, or in addition to, sounds, verbal language, or other forms of communication. It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language.

Paralanguage (параязык (передача информации за счет определенной манеры говорить (напр., при помощи темпа речи, тембра и громкости голоса, тона, его модуляции и др., а также за счет таких невербальных средств, как жесты,

мимика и т. п.))), including body language, has been extensively studied in social psychology. In everyday speech and popular psychology, the term is most often applied to body language that is considered involuntary, even though the distinction between voluntary and involuntary body language is often controversial. For example, a smile may be produced either consciously or unconsciously.

(2)Voluntary body language refers to movement, gestures and poses intentionally made by a person (i.e., conscious smiling, hand movements and imitation). It can apply to many types of soundless communication. Generally, movement made with full or partial intention and an understanding of what it communicates can be considered voluntary.

Involuntary body language quite often takes the form of facial expression, and has

therefore been suggested as a means to identify the emotions of a person with whom one is communicating. И

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(3) The relation of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. Human paralanguage may represent a continuation of forms of communication that our non-linguistic ancestors already used, or it may be that it has been changed by co-existing with language. Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences. Blind children will smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile. Iraneus Eibl-Eibesfeldt claimed that a number

Сof basic elements of body language were universal across cultures and must therefore be fixed action patterns under instinctive control.

(4) Some forms of human body language show continuities with communicative gestures of other apes, though often with changes in meaning. More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate «yes» and «no»), mustиbe learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.

Body language is important in one-on-one communications, and may be even more important in group communications. In group situations, often only one person at a time is speaking, while non-verbal communication is coming from each individual in the group. The larger the group, the more impact body language may have.

1. Определ те основную идею текста.

A)Nonverbal elements in speech that may affect the meaning of an utterance are very important in communication.

B)Body language forms part of the category of paralanguage.

C)Body language refers to movement, gestures and poses.

D)The relation of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. бА

2. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A)The distinction between voluntary and involuntary body language is obvious.

B)Body language is a product of both genetic and environmental influences.

C)Body language is not so important in group communications.

D)The reaction of body language to animal communication has often been discussed. Д

3. Ответьте на вопрос:

Why will blind children smile and laugh even though they have never seen a smile?

И

4.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What science deals with the forms of communication?

5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:

Emotions of a person with whom you are communicating are easily identified by

his facial expression.

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6. Определите, является ли утверждение: «Some gestures should be learned by unconscious observation of the environment» ложным / в тексте нет

информации/ истинным.

7. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Body language is important in one-on-one communications, and may be even more important in group communications.

А) The language of the article is…

B) There are a lot of special terms in the text, for example… C) We can make a conclusion that…

D) Finally, the author suggests…

А) More refined gestures, which vary between cultures (for example the gestures to indicate «yes»бАand «no»), must be learned or modified through learning, usually by unconscious observation of the environment.

B) Paralanguage, including body language, has been extensively studied in social

модели

psychology.

C) Generally, movement made with full or partial intention and an understanding of what it communicates can be considered voluntary.

D) It forms part of the category of paralanguage, which describes all forms of human communication that are not verbal language.

9. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/I6IAhXM-vps. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по Дсравнению с предыдущей) в нем

представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 26. Difference Between Animals And Humans

(1)If you pick up a starving dog and make him prosperous, he will not bite you. This is the principal difference between a dog and a man.

The term Animal as described in the dictionary means a living organism other than humans which feeds and usually has sense organs and a nervous system and can move. Animals include a vast majority of species. Humans belong to Homo Sapiens and are bipedal species. This means that the humans walk around using their two rear limbs.

(2)Animals would normally only include multi cells and complex organisms. Organisms like the bacteria will not be included in the animal kingdom. In most animals the dietary habits are very limited which means that they would either be

vegetarians or non-vegetarians. The Humans on the other hand are omnivorous which means that they are able to consume both vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods.И

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Animals cannot talk or communicate with each other. In some species that the skills have been found these are very basic and undeveloped. Humans on the other hand are the only known species with highly developed communication skills.

Animals merely feed to survive and reproduce. They have not developed any skills that go beyond their survival needs. The Humans are known for their curiosity to understand and to try and influence and change their environment. It is this curiosity Сin the Humans that has lead to the development of advanced tools, technology and science. The human behavior is much different from the animals as we have set

purposes in life that go beyond the survival needs of day today.

(3) The Humans are highly social beings and live in large colonies. The Humans are the only known species that has the ability to domesticate animals and engage in agriculture.иWith the invention of advanced techniques and technology the Humans have been able to colonize all the continents. Through this colonization the humans have infringed on the land where these animals once survived and created a problem of existence for them.

(4) Summary

1.Animals may cover a lot of species whereas Humans belong to Homo Sapiens.

2.Most animals walk on all four legs or crawl (ползать) whereas Humans are bipeds (двуног е).

3.Animals tend to be either herbivorous (травоядный) or carnivorous (плотоядный) and stick to their diets whereas the Humans are omnivorous (всеядный).

4.Animals are unable to communicate like Humans do.

5.Animals are endangered (находящийся под угрозой исчезновения (о виде)) due to the Human influence on their environment.

6.Whereas Animals simply survive in their environment, Humans have developed technology & science to change their environment.бА

1. Ответьте на вопрос:

What is the motive power of Human evolution?

Д

2.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What helped the Humans to colonize the continents?

3.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:

The Humans set goals in their lives which go beyond the physiological needs.

4.Определите основную идею текста. И

A)The Humans can talk or communicate with each other unlike animals.

B)Animals merely feed to survive and reproduce.

C)Animals would either be vegetarians or non-vegetarians.

D)The Humans are able to influence and change their environment.

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5. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Most animals walk or crawl.

B) Animals belong to bipedal species.

C) Bacteria are not included in the animal kingdom.

D) The human behavior has much in common with the animals.

6. Определите, является ли утверждение: «The humans are hot-blooded while animals are cold-blooded» ложным / втексте нетинформации/ истинным.

следующей модели аннот рования: The author points out the main difference between Animals and Humans:

А) Most animals walk on all four legs or crawl whereas Humans are bipeds. B) The Humans are highly social beings and live in large colonies.

C) Animals cannot talk or communicate with each other.

D) Animals include a vast majority of species.

какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

9. Изучите данное видео: https://youtuД.be/Og5xAdC8EUI. Расскажите,

(1)The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) is a native ofИCentral and South America. Today, it is cultivated around the equator, and can be found in the Caribbean, Africa, South-East Asia, and even in the South Pacific Islands of Samoa and New Guinea.

There are three main varieties of cacao trees. The most common is Forastero, which accounts for nearly 90% of the world's production of cacao beans. Rarest and most prized are the beans of the Criollo variety. Their aroma and delicacy make them sought after by the world's best chocolate makers. Finally, there is the Trinitario variety of cacao, which is a cross between Criollo and Forastero.

(2)The spread of the cacao tree started during the age of Colonialism, as did the spread of cacao beans, and of chocolate itself. Christopher Columbus was the first European to come in contact with cacao. On August 15, 1502, on his fourth and last

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voyage to the Americas, Columbus and his crew encountered a large dugout canoe near an island off the coast of what is now Honduras. The canoe was the largest native vessel the Spaniards had seen. It was "as long as a galley," and was filled with local goods for trade – including cacao beans. Columbus had his crew seize the vessel and its goods, and retained its skipper as his guide.

Later, Columbus' son Ferdinand wrote about the encounter. He was struck by how Сmuch value the Native Americans placed on cacao beans, saying:

"They seemed to hold these almonds [referring to the cacao beans] at a great price; for when they were brought on board ship together with their goods, I observed that when any of these almonds fell, they all stooped to pick it up, as if an eye had fallen."

What Ferdinand and the other members of Columbus' crew didn't know at the time wasиthat cocoa beans were the local currency. In fact, in some parts of Central America, cacao beans were used as currency as recently as the last century.

While it is likely that Columbus brought the cacao beans he seized back to Europe, their potential value was initially overlooked by the Spanish King and his court.

(3)By the beginningбАof the sixteenth century, the Aztecs had an advanced and powerful civilization located in what is now central Mexico. Many people believe that the Aztecs first developed chocolate. However, chocolate goes back much farther. The ancient Maya, who inhabited what is now parts of southern Mexico and Central America, certainly consumed chocolate. In fact, the word "cacao" is Mayan: as early as 500 A.D., the Mayans were writing about cacao on their pottery. Some

think chocolate may be even older, dating back to the Olmec civilization that preceded the Maya. Д

The chocolate of these Mesoamerican civilizations was consumed as a bittertasting drink made of ground cacao beans mixed with a variety of local ingredients. An officer serving with Cortez observed Motecuhzoma, the ruler of the Aztecs,

drinking fifty flagons of chocolate a day. The frothy beverage, which was sometimes made with water, and sometimes with wine, couldИbe seasoned with vanilla, pimiento, and chili pepper. It was thought to cure diarrhea and dysentery, and was believed to be an aphrodisiac. Cortez is said to have tried the beverage, but found it too bitter. He did, however, write to King Carlos I of Spain, calling "xocoatl" a "drink that builds up resistance and fights fatigue."

(4)For many Europeans, drinking chocolate (especially before it was sweetened) was an acquired taste. Spanish missionary Jose de Acosta, who lived in Peru in the late 1500s, described it this way: "Loathsome to such as are not acquainted with it, having a scum or froth that is very unpleasant to taste. Yet it is a drink very much esteemed among the Indians, where with they feast noble men who pass through their country. The Spaniards, both men and women, that are accustomed to the country, are very greedy of this Chocolate. They say they make diverse sorts of it, some hot, some cold, and some temperate, and put therein much of that 'chili'; yea, they make paste

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thereof, the which they say is good for the stomach and against the catarrh."

Soon chocolate would make its way across the Atlantic – first to Spain, and then to the rest of Europe. The first official shipment was made in 1585 from Veracruz to Seville.

1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, the “an American

3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Forastero is a widespread cacao tree.

B) Cacao beans were seized by Christopher Columbus. C) Cacao beans are used as currency.

D) The word "cacao" is Mayan.

4.Ответьте на вопрос:бА

What did the King of Spain write about a cacao beverage?

5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос

What drink was used to treat dysentery?

6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:

In the 16th century, cacao beans were of great importance in some parts of CentralИД

America.

7. Определите, является ли утверждение: «The Spaniards adore chocolate»

ложным / втексте нетинформации/ истинным.

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8. Дополните перевод по памяти:

9. Какая з предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: The first official shipment was made in 1585 from Veracruz to Seville.

А) A bit later the author stresses…

B) Then the author devotes some attention to… C) The author stipulates that…

D) The author starts by telling the reader about…

10. Какое из данных ниже предложенийДможно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author gives brief description of…

А) By the beginning of the sixteenth century, the Aztecs had an advanced and

powerful civilization located in what is now central Mexico. И

B) There are three main varieties of cacao trees.

C) Many people believe that the Aztecs first developed chocolate.

D) The cacao tree (Theobroma cacao) is a native of Central and South America.

11. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/ibjUpk9Iagk. Расскажите,

какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

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Text 28. Secrets of the Brain: the Mystery of Memory

(1) Even though science continues to give us ever increasing insights into what memory is much of it remains a mystery. Researchers consider memory a process, and when you remember you are actually reconstructing the event from bits of information stored in various parts of the brain. But the mystery is, what initiates the

Сbecause the receptors for the chemicals in your brain are found on the surfaces of cells throughout your body. Thus when the chemicals are activated in the brain, the message is communicated to every part of your body that allows cells to communicate by remote travel using blood and cerebrospinal fluid [спинномозговая

reconstruction? Is it, as some suggest, directed from outside the physical body, from the energy body? That remains to be seen.

(2) The Location of Memory. In the past, it was thought that all memory was in the brain. However, Gazzaniga (1988) reports that memory occurs throughout the

nervous system. So every thought you have is “felt” throughout your entire body

жидкость].

и (3) Stress ErodesбАMemory. Excessive stress and obesity produce an over-

production of a complex set of stress hormones that damage and destroy neurons in the brain’s region critical to learning and memory. One really good way to burn off

excess stress hormones is through exercise. So for those experiencing particularly high stress levels exercise is not only beneficial, it is necessary.

(4) What are the Characteristics of Memory? Sensory – we remember things that involve our five senses. So, the more senses that get activate, the easier it will be to recall.

Outstanding – things that are dull and unoriginal are more difficult to remember because there is nothing to distinguish them from all the other memories.

Emotional – when something happens that has high emotional content – positive or negative – we tend to remember it more easily.

Survival – anything we perceive as important to survival we will remember more easily. It’s not just physical survival. Survival can include emotional survival, psychological survival and financial survival.

Personal importance – we naturally remember things that interest us and that have some personal importance.

First and last – the brain most easily recalls things from the beginning and the ending of any session or lecture.

(5) What are the Keys to Memory? Pay attention – often times the biggest problem is that people’s minds are not focused in the moment. Instead, they are thinking about something in the past of future.

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Visualization – create a visual in your mind because the brain thinks in pictures and concepts, not paragraphs.

Association – find something to connect the information to…similar to word association. Ask, “What does this remind me of?”

Imagination – get creative when visualizing or making associations.

(6) Why do we forget? It could be that we never stored the information properly in

СOften times we tend to dwell on it, thereby rehearsing it and entrenching it even further. It is also easier to recall negative memories when we are in a bad mood. Why? Because we remember things in the state that we learned them so whenever you are feeling angry you will more easily recall other situations in which you were

the first place. It could be because there was not enough emotion or personal importance connected to the information to make it stick. It could be that it was so emotionally traumatic that the mind suppressed it in order to maintain normalcy.

Why do we remember negative events? Whenever emotions are activated,

especially strong emotions, the information or experience is entrenched into memory.

Theиsubconscious remembers everything. If we were to compare the conscious mind with the subconscious, the conscious would measure about one foot long and the subconscious would be the length of a football field. The potential is enormous. So everything we experience can be stored. However, the conscious mind would get overloaded trying to process all the incoming bits of data on a daily basis. Instead, all the information goes into the subconscious for storage and we may never deal with it, except if the mind chooses to process it at night through dreams. Or, if we go for

angry.

3. Ответьте на вопрос:

What are the keys to Memory?

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4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) содержится ответ на вопрос.

Why is it easier to recall negative memories when we are in a bad mood?

5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) соответствует следующая идея:

образом, чтобы оно мело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.The more senses that get activate, the easier it will be to recall. on

Remembering things ………………. sensory perception.

2.We tend to remember things more easily when they have high emotional content.

the

…………………..things, the better we remember them.

3.The conscious mind would get overloaded trying to process all the incoming data, so all the information goes into the subconscious for storage.

to

All the incoming data goes into the subconscious for storage …………… the conscious mind.и

8.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: … create a visual in your mind because the brain thinks in pictures and concepts, not paragraphs.

А) The author gives us an advise to…

B) The author gives a detailed analysis of… C) He illustrates his theory with…

D) According to the author…

9.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The concluding part contains notes on...

А) the subconscious; B) the night dreams;

C) the clinical hypnosis;

D) the memories. ИД

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10. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/yOgAbKJGrTA. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 29. Fairness and Inequality

С(1) In most societies there are certain broadly shared beliefs about what is socially just and unjust, what is fair and unfair. Here is the basic problem: we observe some empirical case of social inequality – some people are better off than others or their

lives are more fulfilling than others or they are healthier than others. These are observations.иAnd we ask: is the observed inequality just or fair? Does the inequality violate some principle of justice? Now, some inequalities are simply cases of bad luck – one person gets hit by lightening, another does not.

There is a dramatic inequality in their fates. And there is a sense, of course, in which one couldбАsay (as kids do): that’s not fair; the person who got hit by lightening “didn’t deserve it.” Such expressions reflect a deep moral intuition that most people have: people should get what they deserve and deserve what they get. This is why when someone gets struck by lightening we say “that’s so unfair, they didn’t deserve that.”

(2) When we talk about a social injustice – not just the unfairness of bad luck – what we mean is that there is an inequality which is unfair and which could be remedied if our social institutions were different. Something could in principle be done about it. When we say that it was a social injustice for African-Americans to be denied admission to all-white universities before the end of racial segregation in America what we mean is that it was notДjust “bad luck” to be born black and thus denied admission, but that this grossly unfair inequality in educational opportunity could have been remedied by a change in social institutions. This does not mean, of course, that it was politically possible to remedy that injustice in the 1920s or 1930s. Racial segregation was always a profound social injustice, as was slavery before it, but the social forces supporting segregation were so powerfulИand cohesive that until the 1950s and 1960s they were able to successfully repress struggles against segregation and maintain those institutions. The claim that an inequality is unjust, therefore, can be seen as an indictment of the way in which existing configurations of power block the social changes needed to reduce or eliminate the inequality in question.

(3) Discussing problems of social justice quickly becomes really complicated, since a diagnosis of injustice really requires two judgments: first, a moral judgment that an inequality is unfair, and second, a sociological judgment that this unfairness could be remedied by a social change. It’s not fair that some children are born with physical disabilities – they don’t “deserve it”. But it is not in and of itself necessarily a social injustice. What becomes a social injustice is if there are things we could do to minimize the effects on people’s lives of the unfairness of such “bad luck” and fail to

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do so. The lack of curb cuts in sidewalks is an injustice for people in wheelchairs. The lack of affordable prosthetic limbs is an injustice for amputees. To insure that curb cuts exist requires a change in rules governing urban planning. To insure that everyone who needs a prosthetic limb can afford one requires a change in the rules governing access to medical services. Both of these constitute social changes. And since remedies such as these involve changes in the uses of resources, they almost inevitably trigger resistance and conflict from those who stand to lose from the social change.

When there is an inequality that is also an injustice – that is, an unfair inequality that could be remedied – we can expect there to be a set of power relations operating in the situation which block the necessary remedies. Injustices do not continue just

2. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Injustices do not continue when people are unwilling to pay the costs to

remedy the injustice.

unfairness of such “bad luck” and fail to do so, it would be a moral injustice.

3. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A)It was a social injustice for African-Americans to be denied admission to allwhite universities.

B)The lack of curb cuts in sidewalks is an injustice for people in wheelchairs.

C)The lack of affordable prosthetic limbs is an injustice for amputees.

D)The lack of affordable medicine is an injustice for the sick.И

4. Ответьте на вопрос:

What could be done about a social injustice?

5. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What remedies cause conflict from those who stand to lose from the social change?

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6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

When there is an inequality that is also an injustice.

7.Определите основную идею текста.

8. Определ те, является ли утверждение: «Segregation is the practice or

C) The author examines how…

D) The author concentrates on…

10. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author discusses the phenomenon of...

А) There is a dramatic inequality in their fates.

B) … of inequality, injustice, and power is what we will call oppression.

D) The lack of curb cuts in sidewalks which is an injustice for people in wheelchairs.

Text 30. How to let go of stress

(1)Kate was almost relieved when the school term started. She no longer had to get up at 6 a.m. to prepare packed lunches before driving the children to their various courses and rushing to work. Now she dashes home to pick them up from their afterschool activities before taking work calls amid the noise of squabbling over supper. She’s often up till midnight working and doing laundry. She can just about hold everything together, until her boss asks her to come in for a 9 a.m. meeting. At home and work we have become increasingly more demanding as we have more choices to make than ever before.

(2)Increasingly, research shows that so much choice and opportunity leaves us feeling needy and incomplete. The harder we work, the more stuff we want to

accumulate, the more we consume, the hungrier we seem to get. Much of the time, we’re concentrating on resolving crises instead of preventing them. Many of us areИ

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exhausted, but only realize it when an apparently small problem floors us.

It is estimated that 100,000 Britons have chronic fatigue. Many more feel wiped out or physically and mentally depleted. Dr Frank Lipman, author of Spent? End Exhaustion & Feel Great Again, has identified the condition in hundreds of his patients. He believes feeling spent is an understandable response to the times we live in. Katherine, 36, a graphic designer, was ‘spent’ four years before she realised what

С(3) Madeleine Bunting, author of Willing Slaves, an analysis of our culture of overwork, puts it simply. ‘We live in a world where nothing is enough,’ she says. ‘Debt drives us to work harder, the overwork puts strain on our relationships and without the support of those we love we become more insecure and exhausted –

was causing her constant run of infections and illnesses and her inability to concentrate at work or at home. ‘I went from feeling out of sorts to being drained beyond anything I’d known,’ she says. ‘My exhaustion wasn’t just physical – my work was sedentary, and I took moderate exercise. But I couldn’t work. I couldn’t concentrate. “Spent” is a good word for it. I felt as though I had nothing left to give.’

whichиmakes us less efficient at our jobs, which, in turn, makes us more insecure, and so on.’ In our heads, we’re always thinking about the future rather than enjoying the present. ‘We are out of the now,’ she says, ‘which is an exhausting place to be.’

бА relaxed walking for half an hour. Д

(4) What’s the solution? When Katherine’s doctor couldn’t find anything clinically wrong with her, he prescribed antidepressants. This, says Lipman, fails to address the root of the problem. He prescribes remedies that don’t require more time and

planning.

Turn off all technology by 10 p.m.

Restorative, rather than exhausting exercise. Focus on yoga and simple

programmes, such as alternating a minute’s brisk walking with three minutes of

Take ‘breathing breaks’ throughout the day – five minutes of eyes-closed

meditation, go for a short walk or listen to some relaxing music.

Lipman also stresses the importance of friends and family to our wellbeing. But for those caring for elderly parents and children, this is part of the problem.

‘People who are stress-prone always feel they ought to be doing something,’ says psychotherapist Sue Cowan-Jenssen. ‘They are driven by tasks: they can’t let things go or relax if there’s stuff to be done. You have to look at what you can realistically do. This can be very difficult: if you’ve got an aged parent, where do you draw the

Concentrate on what you have done rather than what you haven’t.

(5) ‘Some of us are more prone to worry,’ says Cowan-Jenssen. ‘Perfectionists put themselves under huge levels of stress. Parents worry that their children have to have freshly cooked, organic food, the house has to be clean and stylish… But you have to ask yourself, does it really matter? Think about the imperatives you live by, and ask yourself: where’s the evidence? What makes you think you’ll lose your job if you

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make one mistake, or that your lover will leave you if you don’t lose weight?’

The prospect of making changes sometimes feels more exhausting than leaving things the way they are. Being told to look after yourself, and make an appointment at a spa requires time and money, and if you’re already stressed it can feel impossible. ‘People who are really stressed can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure,’ says Cowan-Jenssen. ‘The main thing is to get some perspective. If you’re

stuff to be done.

3. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A)Much of the time, we’re concentrating on resolving crises instead of preventing

them.

B)We are all entitled to a boundary.

C)The prospect of making changes sometimes feels more exhausting than leaving things the way they are.

D)Make an appointment at a spa requires time and money, if you’re already stressed. Д

4.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) содержится ответ на вопрос.

Why do people become more and more insecure and exhausted?

5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) соответствует следующая идея:

Exhaustion causes infections and illnesses.

6.Определите основную идею текста. И

A)The harder we work, the more stuff we want to accumulate.

B)Feeling spent is an understandable response to the times we live in.

C)You have to ask yourself, does it really matter?

D)We’re always thinking about the future rather than enjoying the present.

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7. Определите, является ли утверждение: «Doing exercises is one of the solution of the problem in question» ложным / в тексте нет информации /

истинным.

8. оставьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

С1. Many of us are exhausted, but only realize it when an apparently small problem floors us.

of

Realization…………………. appearswhen an apparently small problem floors us.

2.Your exhaustion makes you feel as though you have nothing left to give. are

If you ……………………. you feel as though you have nothing left to give.

3.People who are really stressed can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure.

under

……………………………. can’t make changes because they’d feel like a failure.и

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says psychotherapist Sue Cowan-Jenssen. D) Figure out what’s really important.

Text 31. The Mysteries of Dreams

(1) It’s a universal human experience. You rest your head against the pillow at night and slowly drift off to sleep. Soon you enter a weird and wonderful – and sometimes frightening – world. It’s a world in which you might find yourself walking around school in your pajamas or chasing the school bus after you missed it. You could be flying under your own power or talking with a long-deceased relative. You’ve entered the world of dreams.

People have always dreamed, and dreamers have always wondered what their mysterious nighttime visions meant. Some philosophers in ancient times believed that

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dreams were important messages from the gods or visions of things to come. As the centuries rolled by, many other philosophers, as well as average people, developed their own theories about the purpose of dreams and what dreams mean. And finally, dreams became a subject of scientific inquiry.

(2) Freud and Jung Interpret Dreams. In his 1900 book, Freud described how he asked his patients to tell him everything they could remember from their dreams. Freud believed that dreams were “the royal road to the unconscious.” He concluded, on the basis of his talks with the patients, that dreams are caused by disturbing [беспокоящий] wishes, such as sexual desires or aggressive impulses that a person represses in waking life. These unacceptable thoughts, according to Freud, are often disguised as symbolic elements in dreams. For example, fire may symbolize feelings

usually incorporates some minor, unresolved event from earlier in the day – a piece of “unfinished business” of some kind. But at a deeper level, Freud theorized, dreaming is a unique state of consciousness that is prompted by such urges [побуждение] as hunger, thirst, and sexuality that arise during the night.

(3) Doubts about Freud’s explanations for dreaming led the Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung to develop his own theory between 1912 and 1920. Jung rejected Freud’s idea that dreams are related to wish fulfillment.ДHe believed that dreams can express spiritual and moral concerns as often as they express sexual or emotional

preoccupations [предрассудки]. Jung’s main conclusion was that dreams express aspects of the personality that are not fully developed in waking life. For example, people who neglect their spiritual needs may experience strong religious feelings in their dreams. И

In order to understand what their dreams mean, Jung suggested, dreamers need to become familiar with the kinds of symbols used in myths, fairy tales, and religious rituals. For instance, as in tales involving the “big, bad wolf,” a dangerous animal may symbolize some person or event that poses a threat to the dreamer. And, as in Christian theology, wine may represent blood or salvation. Jung claimed that people in modern Western civilization often ignore such symbolic language, and so they need help in understanding what their dreams are trying to say to them.

Although most psychiatrists disagreed with some of the ideas of Freud or Jung, many accepted the central conclusion of their theories – that dreams have symbolic meanings.

(4) Sleep Laboratories. Between 1953 and 1957, physiologist Nathaniel Kleitman of the University of Chicago and two students discovered that sleep is characterized

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by four different levels of brain activity. The scientists found that during the first hour or so of sleep, the activity of the brain steadily decreases. Then it begins to increase until it reaches a high level similar to that of the waking state. The researchers named this mentally active stage of sleep Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep because of the eye movements that are one of its most noticeable characteristics. Four or five distinct periods of REM sleep occur at intervals of about 90 minutes during a typical

Сeight-hour sleep period. Each REM period is longer than the previous one, ranging in

length from about 5 to 10 minutes to half-an-hour or more. Occurring between the REM periods are intervals of lower brain activity called non-REM (NREM) sleep. Each period of NREM sleep occurs at a higher stage of brain activity than the previous one.

(5)иDo Dreams Have any Meaning? Taking the idea that dreams have meaning, but rejecting the explanations of Freud and Jung, many scientists have developed their own theories of dreams. For example, several researchers have proposed that dreams have a problem-solving function, suggesting possible solutions to emotional problems. OtherбАresearchers, however, point out that few dreams seem to provide even a hint of a solution to such problems.

The inability of investigators to develop a widely accepted theory to explain the meaning of dreams led sleep-lab researchers J. Alan Hobson and Robert W. McCarley of Harvard Medical School in Boston to suggest in 1977 that dreams have no function or purpose. The theory proposes that the brain uses stored memories and established thought patterns to try to bring some order to the random signals, thus producing dreams. Many dream researchers, however, doubt this theory, because it incorrectly implies that dreaming is strictly a product of REM sleep.

Some sleep researchers claim that dreaming may be the accidental by-product of two evolutionary developments – complexДbrains and sleep. According to this view, the evolution of complex brains in humans gave rise to dreaming because, during sleep, there is no external world to help organize the vast amount of brain activity. Thus, dreams are the brain’s purposeless response to this mental activity. Despite this theory, most dream researchers maintain that there must be at least some meaning in dreams, because so many elements in dreams relate toИwaking thoughts and concerns.

In order to answer the question, “What do my dreams mean?” we may have to wait for further advances in the study of dream content and breakthroughs in the study of brain function. In the meantime, when you go to bed at the end of a long day and close your eyes, you might simply look forward to the fascinating show that your brain will be putting on for you.

1. Дополните предложение: According to the passage, our dream is …

A)an important message from the gods.

B)a royal road to the unconscious.

C)an unfinished business.

D)brain activity which is to be studied.

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идея: Myths, fairyбАtales, and religious rituals help to understand what dreams mean.

7. Определите основную идею текста.

A)If you ignore symbolic language, you need help in understanding your dream.

B)Although dreams are not definitely understood, it is known they occur in mind during certain stages of sleep.

C)Eye movements are the most noticeable characteristics of sleep.

D)People should sleep about eight hours to be able to have dreams.Д

8.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Sleep timing is controlled by the inner timekeeping, temperature-fluctuating, enzyme-controlling device» ложным / в

текстенетинформации/ истинным.

9.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.И

1. Some sleep researchers claim that dreaming may be the accidental by-product of complex brains and sleep.

to

Some sleep researchers …………….……………… the accidental by-product of complex brains and sleep.

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2. Freud believed that symbolism is necessary in dreams. be

Freud believed ……………………………. in dreams.

3. The brain uses stored memories and established thought patterns to try to bring some order to the random signals, thus producing dreams.

Сfor

The brain uses stored memories and established thought patterns to try to bring some order to the random signals ……………………………………… .

10.Какая з предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описаниямыслиследующей : The brain uses stored memories and established thought patterns to try to bring some order to the random signals, thus producing dreams.

А) He analyses how…

B) The theoryбАproposes that…

C) The paper suggests approaches to understanding...

D) The author provides some examples of…

11.Какое з данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The Freud’s theory states that…

А) Although most psychiatrists disagreed with some of the ideas of Freud or Jung, many accepted the central conclusion of their theories—that dreams have symbolic meanings.

B) Freud’s questioning of his patients led him to believe that dreams are usually brief and that dreaming itself is rare duringДsleep.

C) Dreaming is a unique state of consciousness that is prompted by such urges as hunger, thirst, and sexuality that arise during the night.

D) Most dream researchers maintain that there must be at least some meaning in dreams, because so many elements in dreams relate to waking thoughts and concerns.

12.Изучите данные видео: https://youtuИ.be/mQaqXK7z9LM, https://youtu.be/2W85Dwxx218. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по

сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

(1) Laughter is universal. It has nothing to do with what language we speak, which culture we were raised in, or what our religious faith is. We all laugh. Psychologists have compared laughter to speaking in tongues (говорение на (незнакомых)

языках; глоссолалия – нарушение артикуляции или речи у психически больных): we can't control what we laugh at, or the sounds that come out of our

67

mouth. All we know is that we laugh, and that laughter transcends all of our differences.

Scientists have studied laughter by going out into public places and observing people in social settings, by searching for "the perfect joke" and studying its effect on the brain of its recipient, and by hooking people up to an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging – получение изображений методом ядерного магнитного резонанса)

Сmachine and studying brain activity as they listen to both real and "fake" (jokes not

meant to funny) jokes. What they've discovered about laughter is a bit surprising. And it may explain why certain people make us laugh easier than others can.

(2) Four Facts About Laughter

Kids laugh at the weirdest things. But laughter is part of their cognitive development

1. Laughter varies by age and gender. Children laugh 400 times per day, as opposedкогнитивноеto adults, who only laugh 15 times per day. Any parent has experienced this. language, connections, and irony. Those who have a well-developed sense of humor

( разв т е). Kids who tell and listen to jokes are learning about

2.Laughter бАis a social phenomenon. Ever notice that you laugh more when watching a funny movie with your pals than you do when you watch the same movie by yourself? Psychologists have studied Дthis phenomenon, as well as the phenomenon known as "contagious laughter" to determine why it is that we laugh more with others. It comes down to communication. Laughter is a wordless, un-fakeable demonstration of human emotion. It binds us as maybe no other force on Earth can.

Television producers of the 1950's understood this before anyone studied it – they started setting sitcoms to laugh tracks to make the homeИaudience laugh and enjoy the show more. It's also why Leno, Letterman, and Conan tape before a live studio audience. The audience laughs, and we find ourselves laughing along with them.

3.Different types of jokes affect different parts of the brain. The part of the brain that reacts to jokes is the medial ventral (внутренний, вентральный) prefrontal (префронтальный; предлобный) cortex (кора головного мозга), which is where cognitive development, personality development, and determining correct social behavior occurs. However, different types of jokes trigger different parts of the brain as we process them. Puns (игра слов; каламбур) take one path to the prefrontal cortex, for example, while story jokes take a completely different neurological path. This explains why people who have experienced brain trauma may find one type of joke funny, but find absolutely no humor in an equally funny joke of a different genre, or why they may lose their sense of humor all together.

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4. Laughter has very little to do with the joke itself. In studying laughter in social settings, scientists observed an interesting phenomenon: the joke itself was the least important factor in instigating laughter. In fact, statements like "well, hello yourself," or "yeah, that's what I thought" were more likely to get a laugh than an actual joke was. The larger the group, the more each person in the group laughed. Women tend to laugh more heartily in the presence of men they are attracted to than they do in the

Сinescapable (не збежный, неминуемый, неотвратимый) fact: humans are, and are designed to be, social beings. Laughter is a reflex, just like the startle (испуг; страх;

presence of other women or men who don't attract them. What this tells us is that while a joke can be a great icebreaker, what matters more is the interaction and relationship between people. This also explains that one guy you know who tells the dumbest (глупейш й) jokes but never fails to be the life of the party.

(3) The Great Unifier

вздрагивандвижения) reflex, of the reflex of automatically pulling your hand away from a hot stove. Laughter is irresistible, contagious, and binds us through its universality. It

All of the research boils down (to boil down to – сводиться к (чему-л.)) to this

е (от неож данного действия, страха)) reflex, gag (рвотные

transcends (выход ть за пределы) the issues and differences that divide us. In the end, we're all the same, laughing at the same dumb knock-knock joke as the next guy. Maybe that's really the reason laughter is the best medicine.

бА D) When psychologists studied theДphenomenon of “contagious laughter”,

1. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Grown-ups laugh only four hundred times per day.

B) Men tend to laugh more heartily in the presence of women they are attracted to. C) Women laugh more than men.

television producers started setting sitcoms.

2.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) We cannot control what we laugh at. B) People laugh more with others.

C) The joke itself is the least important factor in instigating laughter. D) Joke can be a great icebreaker.

3.Ответьте на вопрос: И

Why is laughter the best medicine?

4. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

People who have a good sense of humor have a better outlook on life.

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5. Определите основную идею текста.

A)Laughter is a sincere demonstration of human emotion.

B)Different types of jokes affect different parts of the brain.

C)Laughter is the great unifier.

D)Certain people make us laugh easier than others can.

С6. Определите, является ли утверждение: «Laughing is the reaction to certain stimuli» ложным / втекстенетинформации/ истинным.

7. оставьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно мело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.In a larger group each person laughs more. the

…………………………….. more each person in the group laughs.

2.Different types of jokes trigger different parts of the brain as we process them.

by

Different parts of the brain …………………………… different types of jokes asи

we process them.бА 3. It is know that laughter is a reflex.

to

Laughter …………………………..a reflex.

8.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Different types of jokes affect different parts of the brain.

А) The author points out that...

B) A bit later the author devotes some attention to… C) The author concentrates on…

D) At the beginning of the text the author dwells on…

9.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: All of the research boils down to the inescapable fact:

А) The joke itself was the least important factor in instigating laughter.

B) All we know is that we laugh, and that laughter transcends all of our differences.

C) Humans are, and are designed to be, social beings.

D) The audience laughs, and we find ourselves laughing along with them.

10.Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/9WzVMZunzaM. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем

представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту. И

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Text 33. Ghost

(1) A ghost is said to be the apparition [видение; привидение, призрак] of a dead person. They are usually seen to be similar in appearance to that person, and are often encountered in places he or she frequented [часто посещать, бывать], or in association with the person's former belongings. The word "ghost" may also refer to Сthe spirit or soul of a deceased person, or any spirit or demon. Ghosts are often associated with hauntings [жить, обитать; являться (о привидении)], which is, according to the Parapsychological Association, "the more or less regular occurrence of paranormal phenomena associated with a particular locality (especially a building)

and usually attributed to the activities of a discarnate [бестелесный] entity; the неприятныйphenomena may include apparitions, poltergeist disturbances [волнения, беспорядки], sounds of footsteps and voices, and various odors [запах (обычно

)]."

Ghosts are a controversial [спорный, сомнительный] anomalous phenomenon. According to aбАpoll conducted in 2005 by the Gallup Organization, about 32% of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts. The term ghost has been replaced by apparition in parapsychology, because the word ghost is deemed [думать; полагать, считать] insufficiently precise.

(2) Historical background.

The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely related to the ancient concept of animism [анимизм (одушевление явлений природы; вера в существование душ и духов)], which attributed souls to everything in nature, including human beings, animals, plants, rocks, etc. As the nineteenth century anthropologist James Frazer explained in his classic work, The Golden Bough [сук], souls were seen as the creature within thatДanimated body:

"If a man lives and moves, it can only be because he has a little man or animal inside, who moves him. The animal inside the animal, the man inside the man, is the soul. And as the activity of an animal or man is explained by the presence of the soul, so the repose [отдых] of sleep or death is explained by its absence; sleep or trance being the temporary, death being the permanent absenceИof the soul... "

Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to clothing the person wore. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the Egyptian Book of the Dead, which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress.

Another widespread belief concerning ghosts is that they were composed of a misty, airy, or subtle [тонкий; едва уловимый] material. Anthropologists speculate that this may also stem from early beliefs that ghosts were the person within the person, most noticeable in ancient cultures as a person's breath, which upon exhaling in colder climates appears visibly as a white mist. This belief may have also fostered [благоприятствовать] the metaphorical meaning of "breath" in certain languages,

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such as the Latin spiritus and the Greek pneuma, which by analogy became extended to mean the soul. In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath.

Although the evidence for ghosts is largely anecdotal, the belief in ghosts throughout history has remained widespread and persistent.

In many historical accounts [сообщение], ghosts were thought to be deceased people looking for vengeance [месть], or imprisoned on earth for bad things they did during life. Most cultures have ghost stories in their mythologies. Many stories from the Middle Ages and the Romantic era rely on the macabre [жуткий] and the fantastic, and ghosts are a major theme in literature from those eras.

Ghost stories date back to ancient times, and can be found in many different cultures.

example, air pressure changes in a home causing doors to slam, or lights from a

подобным

passing car reflected throughАa window at night. Pareidolia [парейдолические иллюзии (зрительные иллюзии фантастического содержания)], an innate tendency to recognize patterns in random perceptions, can cause people to believe

they have seen ghosts. Reports of ghosts "seen out of the corner of the eye" may be accounted for by the sensitivity of human peripheral vision. According to skeptical investigator Joe Nickell: ...peripheral visionДis very sensitive and can easily mislead, especially late at night, when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds.

Sound is thought to be another cause of supposed sightings. Frequencies lower than 20 hertz are called infrasound and are normally inaudible, but scientists Richard Lord and Richard Wiseman have concluded that infrasound canИcause humans to experience bizarre feelings in a room, such as anxiety, extreme sorrow or even the chills.

Carbon monoxide [угарный газ] poisoning, which can cause changes in perception of the visual and auditory systems, was recognized as a possible explanation for haunted houses as early as 1921.

Another potential explanation of apparitions is that they are hypnagogic [гипнагогический (относящийся к состоянию засыпания, напр. о

галлюцинациях)] hallucinations.

The traditional perception of ghosts wearing clothing is considered illogical by some researchers, given the supposed spiritual nature of ghosts, suggesting that the basis of what a ghost is said to look like and consist of is quite dependent on preconceptions made by society. Skeptics also say that, to date, there is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead.

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1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, ghosts are…

A) persons within the persons.

B) deceased people looking for vengeance. C) hypnagogic hallucinations.

D) anomalous phenomena.

4.Ответьте на вопрос: What is animism?

5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What is pareidolia?

6.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

Belief in ghosts is widespread as ghost stories can be found in many differentбА

7.Определите, является ли утверждение: «About one third of Americans believe in the existence of ghosts» ложным / в тексте нет информации /

истинным.

8.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: There is no credible scientific evidence that any location is inhabited by spirits of the dead.

А) His conclusions based on…..

B) In the last part the author describes…

C) The author summarize that...

D) In the conclusion the author gives us summery of his results...И

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9. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author takes into account that…

А)...peripheral vision is very sensitive and can easily mislead, especially late at night, when the brain is tired and more likely to misinterpret sights and sounds.

B) Many Eastern religious traditions also subscribe to the concept of ghosts. C) A ghost is said to be the apparition of a dead person.

СD) In the Bible, God is depicted as animating Adam with a breath.

10. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/LFMuLqZ1zaU. Расскажите, какая новая нформация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включ те новую информацию в построенную вами схему по текстуи.

Text 34. Globalization (Глобализация)

(1)Globalization is a process of interaction (взаимодействие) and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Globalization is not new, though. For thousands of years, people – and, later, corporations – have been buying from and selling to each other in lands at great distances, such as through the famed Silk Road across Central Asia that connected China and Europe during the Middle Ages. Likewise, for centuries, people and corporations have invested in enterprises in other countries. In fact, many of the features of the current wave of globalization are similar to those prevailing before the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.

But policy and technological developments of the past few decades (десятилетия) have increased cross-border trade, investment, and migration so large that many observers believe the world has entered a qualitatively new phase in its economic development.

(2)In the years since the Second World War many governments have adopted freemarket economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating new opportunities for international trade and investment. Governments also have negotiated dramatic reductions in barriers to commerce and have established international agreements to promote trade in goods, services, and investment. Taking advantage of new opportunities in foreign markets, corporations have built foreign factories and established production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners. A defining feature of globalization, therefore, is an international industrial and financial business structure.

Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization. Advances in information technology, in particular, have dramatically transformed economic life.бАИ

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(3) Globalization is deeply controversial (спорный, противоречивый), however. Proponents (защитники, сторонники) of globalization argue that it allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically and raise their standards of living, while opponents of globalization claim that the creation of an unfettered international free market has benefited multinational corporations in the Western world at the expense of local enterprises, local cultures, and common people. Resistance to globalization has therefore taken shape both at a popular and at a governmental level as people and governments try to manage the flow of capital, labor, goods, and ideas that constitute the current wave of globalization.

To find the right balance between benefits and costs (доходы и издержки) associated with globalization, citizens of all nations need to understand how

2. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A)Supporters of globalization say that this process can raise their standards of living.

B)Opponents of globalization claim that this process works for Western multinational corporations.

C)Production and marketing arrangements with foreign partners is a characteristic feature of globalization.

D)Citizens of all nations should accept principles of globalization.Д

3.Ответьте на вопрос: What is globalization?

4.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

How did people interact with each other centuries ago?

5.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

Globalization influences all spheres of human life.

6.Определите основную идею текста. И

A)To lead happy life people should trade with each other.

B)Globalization is the consequence of people integration.

C)Only technological progress can increase cross-border trade and investment.

D)Globalization is deeply controversial.

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7. Определите, является ли утверждение: «The term globalization is derived from the root word “globalize”, which refers to the emergence of an international network of social and economic systems» ложным / в тексте нет информации /

истинным.

goods, services, and investment. by

To promote trade in goods, services, and investment, international agreements

……………………………….. governments.

2.Advances in information technology have dramatically transformed economic

life. caused

Advances in information technology ………………………………. in economic life.

3.Globalization allows poor countries and their citizens to develop economically.

due

………….…………. poor countries and their citizens can develop economically.ибА

9.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: In the years since the Second World War many governments have adopted free-market economic systems, vastly increasing their own productive potential and creating new opportunities for international trade and investment.

А) The author recalls…

B)The author criticizes…

C)The author condemns…

D)The author passes on to…

10.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author starts by telling the reader about…

А) Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology.

B)Globalization is not new, though.

C)Globalization is deeply controversial, however.

D)Technology has been the other principal driver of globalization.И

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Text 35. Terrorism

(1) The word «terrorism» is controversial. Definitions of «terrorism» generally involve some or all of the following: 1) a terrorist act is generally unlawful; 2) it is violent and may be life threatening; 3) the violence is politically motivated; 4) the direct targets are civilians; 5) the direct targets may not be the main targets; 6) the

Сmain targets may be one or more nation-states, governments, or societies; or a political, ethnic, or religious group, or an industry or commercial operation, within those societies; 7) the objective is usually to frighten the main targets; 8) there may or may not be a claim of responsibility.

(2) Terrorism expert A. P. Schmid of the United Nations Office for Drug Control andиCrime Prevention has proposed a short legal definition for use by the UN, namely that an act of terrorism is «the peacetime equivalent of a war crime». The words «terrorism» and «terror» originally referred to methods employed by regimes to control their own populations through fear, a tactic seen in totalitarian regimes such as Nazi GermanyбАand Soviet Russia. The current use of the term relies more on the example of the 19th-century revolutionaries who used the technique of assassination, particularly the anarchists and Narodniks (populists) in Tsarist Russia, whose most notable action was the assassination of Alexander II.

(3) In response to the September 11, 2001 attacks, political leaders from Europe, North America, Asia, and the Middle East have placed the phenomenon of terrorism within the context of a global struggle against systems of government perceived by those accused of using terrorist tactics as harmful to their interests. Acts of terrorism can be carried out by individuals or groups. The most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause. Terrorists often seek toДdemoralize and paralyze their enemy with fear, using their acts as a form of blackmail to apply pressure on governments to achieve goals the terrorists could not achieve by other means.

(4) Recent developments have seen a divergence in social and political responses to terrorism between the United States and Western Europe. The September 11, 2001 attacks were carried out by foreigners who entered theИcountry for that purpose, on behalf of a foreign organization, operating from bases in a remote country. Western European countries, on the other hand, are now confronted with a domestic terrorism based within a domestic religious minority, some recent immigrants, but many native-born citizens.

1. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A)A terrorist act is generally unlawful and politically motivated.

B)The direct targets of terrorists may not be the main targets.

C)Terror is a method employed by regimes to control their own populations through fear.

D)Terror is technique of association in totalitarian regimes.

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2. Ответьте на вопрос: What are the responses to terrorism in America and Europe?

3. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What are the objectives of terrorists?

С4. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4) соответствует следующая идея:

Terrorists are highly motivated to serve a particular cause.

5. Определ те, является ли утверждение: «Modern instances of terror include red terror or white terror» ложным / втекстенетинформации/ истинным.

6.иоставьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким

образом, чтобы оно мело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.A. Schmid defined an act of terrorism as «the peacetime equivalent of a war crime».

by

An act of terrorism …………………………as «the peacetime equivalent of a war crime».

2.Terrorists often seek to demoralize and frighten their enemy.бА

and

…………………………………………………. arethe means ofterrorists.

3.Western European countries are nowДconfronted with a domestic terrorism.

against

Western European countries ……………………………….. a domestic terrorism.

7.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Recent developments have seen a divergence in social and political responses to terrorism between the United States and Western Europe.

А) The author voices the protest against … B) The author gives figures illustrating …

C) The author provides much information on… D) The author gives a detailed account of …

8.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: I (quite) agree with the author on the point that…

А) The most common image of terrorism is that it is carried out by small and

secretive cells, highly motivated to serve a particular cause.

B) Definitions of «terrorism» generally involve some or all of the following…И

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C)Western European countries are now confronted with a domestic terrorism based within a domestic religious minority, some recent immigrants, but many native-born citizens.

D)A terrorist act is generally unlawful.

9. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/V9_PjdU3Mpo. Расскажите,

С(1)иA UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object (неопознанный летающий объект) which has been identified as a possible or actual alien spacecraft. Such objects include meteors, disintegrating satellites, flocks of birds, aircraft, lights, weather balloons, and just about anything moving within the visible band of electromagnetism.

какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 36. UFO

There are as many photographs of UFOs and they are of equal quality: blurs and forgeries. Other physical evidence, such as alleged debris from alien crashes, or burn marks on the ground from alien landings, or implants in bodies of alien abductees, have turned out to be quite terrestrial, including forgeries. The main reasons for believing in UFOs are the testimony of many people, the inability to distinguish science fiction from science, the willingness to trust men telling fantastic stories, the ability to distrust all contrary sources as being part of a conspiracy to withhold the truth, and a desire for contact with the world above. Belief in aliens in UFOs is akin

have... extraterrestrials (инопланетяне). It seeks to give man deeper roots and bearings in the universe. It is an expression of our hunger for mystery... our hope for transcendental meaning. The ancient gods have been transformed into space voyagers. И

It seems reasonable to believe that the only reason we cannot explain these sightings by conventional means is because we do not have all the evidence – not because these sightings are probably due to alien visitations. If we had all the evidence, we would probably be able to explain the sightings by some conventional means.

(3) It is assumed by UFOlogists that the government, especially the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency – Центральное разведывательное управление, ЦРУ), is lying and covering up alien landings and communication. However, there is no evidence for this other than a general distrust of the government and the fact that many government officials have lied, distorted the truth and been mistaken when reporting to the general public.

Most unidentified flying objects are eventually identified as hoaxes (обман,

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ложная тревога, "утка") or astronomical events, aircraft, satellites, weather balloons, or other natural phenomena. In studies done by the Air Force, less than 2 % of UFO sightings remain unidentifiable. It is more probable that with more information those 2 % would be identified as meteors, aircraft, etc., than that they are alien spacecraft.

1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, UFOlogy is…

5.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Unidentified flying objects include everything moving within the visible band of electromagnetism» ложным / в

текстенетинформации/ истинным.

6.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.Belief in aliens in UFOs is akin to belief in supernatural beings.Д

common

Belief in aliens in UFOs …………………………. belief in supernatural beings.

2.We cannot explain these sightings by conventional means.

be

These sightings …………………………… by conventional means

3.It is more probable that with more information those 2 % would be identified as meteors, aircraft, etc., than that they are alien spacecraft.

had

…………………………………. those 2 % would be identified as meteors, aircraft, etc., than that they are alien spacecraft. И

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7. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: There are as many photographs of UFOs and they are of equal quality: blurs and forgeries.

А) The reasoning in the paper is very difficult to follow. B) The paper includes only the minimum of material.

C) As far as understand the author wanted to show his attitude to … СD) On reading the article we realize the fact that…

8. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннот рования: We can make a conclusion that…

А) The ancient gods have been transformed into space voyagers. B)иA UFO is an Unidentified Flying Object which has been identified as a possible

or actual alien spacecraft.

C) Most unidentified flying objects are eventually identified as hoaxes or astronomical events, aircraft, satellites, weather balloons, or other natural phenomena.

D) Belief in aliens in UFOs is akin to belief in supernatural beings.

Text 37. What Is Fashion?

(1)Fashion is something we deal with everyday. Even people who say they don't care what they wear choose clothes every morning that say a lot about them and how they feel that day.

One certain thing in the fashion world is change. We are constantly being bombarded [bom’ba:did ]with new fashion ideas from music, videos, books, and television. Movies also have a big impact on what people wear. Ray-Ban sold more sunglasses after the movie Men In Black. Sometimes a trend is world-wide. Back in the 1950s, teenagers everywhere dressed like Elvis Presley.

(2)Who dictates fashion?бАД

Musicians and other cultural icons have always influenced what we're wearing, but so have political figures and royalty. Even folksИin the 1700s pored over [разглядывать] fashion magazines to see the latest styles. Women and dressmakers outside the French court [двор короля] relied on sketches [набросок] to see what was going on. The famous French King Louis XIV said that fashion is a mirror. Louis himself was renowned [известный] for his style, which tended towards extravagant laces and velvets [бархат].

Clothes separate people into groups. Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. "Clothes create a wordless means of communication that we all understand," according to Katherine Hamnett, a top British fashion designer. Hamnett became popular when her T-shirts with large messages like "Choose Life" were worn by several rock bands.

(3) There are many reasons we wear what we wear.

- Protection from cold, rain and snow: mountain climbers wear high-tech

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outerwear [верхняя одежда] to avoid frostbite [обморожение]. - Physical attraction.

- Emotions: we dress "up" when we're happy and "down" when we're upset.

- Religious expression: Orthodox Jewish men wear long black suits and Islamic women cover every part of their body except their eyes.

- Identification and tradition: judges wear robes, people in the military wear

СClothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish [упразднять] class and race

uniforms, brides wear long white dresses.

(4) Fashion is big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of clothing than any other business in the world. Everyday, millions of workers design, sew [ш ть], glue [клеить], dye [красить], and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards [рекламный щит] and magazines give us ideas about

what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously.

distinctions.

и Fashion is anбАendless popularity contest.

High fashion is the style of a small group of men and women with a certain taste and authority [автор тет] in the fashion world. People of wealth and position, buyers

for major department stores, editors and writers for fashion magazines are all part of Haute Couture ("High Fashion" in French). Some of these expensive and often artistic fashions may triumph [восторжествовать] and become the fashion for the larger majority. Most stay on the runway [подиум].

Popular fashions are close to impossible to trace. No one can tell how the short skirts and boots worn by teenagers in England in 1960 made it to the runways of Paris, or how blue jeans became so popularДin the U.S., or how hip-hop made it from the streets of the Bronx to the Haute Couture fashion shows of London and Milan.

(5) Fashion Tips

Lay out your clothes before putting them on and check the proportions. Juggle jackets, scarves & belts to re-arrange the clothes to get the look you want.

- Thinner fabrics are more slimming. И - Tops and bottoms of one color will make you look thinner.

- Wear clothes that fit.

- Wearing too large clothes will exaggerate your figure not hide it. - Avoid belts unless you have a slim waist.

- Use accessories carefully.

You can make your wardrobe impressive with mix and match jewelry. Shoes depend less on your body shape than you height. Do not buy clothes on impulse. Plan before you buy a blouse or pants. Be somewhat scientific about shopping, consider your body type, and colors.

(6) Ask yourself some questions:

- Do you have anything you can mix and match with it? Does it match your lifestyle?

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- Will it be comfortable and easy to wear? - Is it machine wash or dry clean only?

- Will it fit your budget? Is it appropriate?

- Is it a fad, can it be worn more than one season?

- Is it of good quality? Quality counts, it is better to have four or five mix and match outfits of quality, than 8 or 10 'steals.'

Think in terms of outfits when you shop, and be practical. When you buy a new dress, be sure you have shoes and other accessories to go with it. May be a jacket or scarf to wear over it to give it a different look.

(7) Clothes Styles and Body Shapes: - High collars shorten necks.

- Shoes with straps shorten your legs. The torso can be shortened or narrowed with

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) It doesn’t matter what clothes you wear. B) Styles of dressing are rather predictable. C) Films can dictate fashion.

D) It is not necessary to be practical buying things.

3.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Musicians have always influenced what we are wearing. B) Clothes is a means of communication.

C) We never choose clothes according to our traditions.

D) If people are plump, they should better hide their figures under large clothes.

4.Ответьте на вопрос: How to make a wardrobe impressive?

5.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) содержится ответ на

вопрос.

How to look fashionable for less money? И

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6. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) соответствует следующая идея:

To look attractive it is not necessary to have a perfect figure.

7. Определите, является ли утверждение: «It is better to have four or five things of good quality, than ten cheap dresses» ложным / в тексте нетинформации

/истинным.

8. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Think in terms of outfits when you shop, and be practical.

А) The author touches upon…

модели

out that… бА

А) When you buy a new dress, be sure you have shoes and other accessories to go

with it.

B) You can make your wardrobe impressive with mix and match jewelry.

C) High fashion is the style of a small group of men and women with a certain

taste and authority in the fashion world.

D) Shoes depend less on your body shape than you height.

какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

10. Изучите данное видео: https://youtuД.be/hhXeUQOuRaw. Расскажите,

Text 38. Family RelationshipsИ

(1) The traditional image of the family in both Britain and the USA is a stable family unit consisting of a married couple and two or more children. As a result of the social changes and changes in legislation in recent years, the majority of families no longer conform to this image. Family size is decreasing and the average number of children per family is less than two. Many couples live together without being married and the stigma that used to be associated with illegitimacy is disappearing. The trend towards early marriage that was evident in the 1960s has been reversed. In Britain the average age for people marrying for the first time is 26 for men and 24 for women. Changes in legislation have made it easier to obtain a divorce. About one in three marriages in Britain and one in two in the USA end in divorce. Many people marry again after divorce so that a high proportion of children live with a step-parent.

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2. Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Nowadays the majority of families have two or more children. B) More and more people contract early marriages.

C) It is difficult to obtain a divorce.

D) It is not uncommon that children live with one parent.

A)Family size is decreasing.

B)Family is still a social institution even if its image has been changed.

C)Most parents encourage their children to become independent.

D)It is good that some employers provide help with child care for working mothers.

8.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Many children have little contact with their relatives» ложным / втексте нетинформации/истинным.

9.Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Family, as a social institution is now undergoing major changes which may be ascribed to the altering nature of the people's professional and social activities.

А) On the whole, possible to say that…

B) The paper suggests approaches to understanding...

C) The author starts with a brief account of...

D) In addition to his analyses, results the author tells us about…..ИД

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10. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material on…

А) The traditional image of the family in both Britain and the USA.

B) About one in three marriages in Britain and one in two in the USA end in divorce.

C) The trend towards later marriage. D) Relationships in the family.

Text 39. Communication

language".иHowever, it is also an exchange of actions, acts, thoughts and emotions with others, as well as drawing on one's own inner world – memories, consciousness and aspirations. The "secret" of communication lies in one's desire and ability to live with other people in harmony and in atmosphere of good will, generously sharing with them the riches of one's own heart.

(1) Communication is a form of human interaction. People cannot maintain

(2)Communication is a combination of education and self-education in which people influence one another without didacticism or moralizing. This makes the issue of the moral content and cultural forms of communication very important.

Genuine human communication is a form of creative activity that helps bring out one's best qualities. Communication is based on respect for the dignity, of others, for basic universal moral standards.

The spoken work is the most meaningful, embracing and expressive means of communication. An ability to talk, listen and converse is an essential condition for mutual understanding and a means for checking on the truth or error of one's own view and ideals.

(3)What might be called the "mute language" of communication of emotions has in its arsenal the look and the gesture that may be warm or offensive, nice or vulgar, covering sympathy or antipathy, while posture, manner in conversation, etc., are also a measure of civilization and breeding.

The manner and means of communication have an ethical, humanistic meaning in that they indicate the extent to which one is able to put oneself in place of another. Formation and development of the need for communication is a major task of moral

education. It is also a guarantee of proper orientation in the evolution of sociability, of the standards of communication itself.бАИ

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1. Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, communication is… A) an exchange of actions, acts, thoughts and emotions with others.

B) desire and ability to live with other people. C) a form of human interaction.

D) basic universal moral standards.

Communication makes possible for people to form a worldview.

6. Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.People cannot maintain normal life without communicating with one another. should

To maintain normal life ……………………………………… one another.

2.Genuine human communication is based on respect for basic universal moral standards.

the

Respect for basic universal moral standards ………………………………..

genuine human communication.

3.Posture and manner in conversation are a measure of civilization and breeding.

extent

Posture and manner in conversation are an …………………………. to which oneДИ

is able to put oneself in place of another.

7. Какая из предложенных ниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: Communication is a form of human interaction.

А) The author determines the nature of...

B)The author analyses such question as ….

C)Finally, the author suggests…

D)At the end of the article the author sums up…

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8. Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: In addition to his results the author tells us about…

А) Communication enables people to form a view of the world.

B) The spoken work is the most meaningful, embracing and expressive means of communication.

C) Communication is based on respect for the dignity, of others, for basic universal moral standards.

D) Communication is a combination of education and self-education in which people influence one another.

представленанформация. Включ те новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

9. Изуч те данное в део: https://youtu.be/I6IAhXM-vps. Расскажите,

(1)Among theбАdramatic events of World War II three especially mysterious ones remained unknown or did not attract particular attention.

The first event took place in France. On May 16, 1940, when Nazi troops were marching on Paris, two French scientists from the Joliot-Curie laboratory were making their way to the south of France. They had with them several sealed containers in which there were 185 kilograms of water. In Bordeaux the containers were

loaded onto the British ship Brampark. A raft was built on the deck and all the containers of water were secured to it. HadДthe vessel been destroyed by enemy submarines the containers would not have been lost. The voyage, however, was successful and the load was brought safely to Great Britain.

(2)The second mysterious event took place in Denmark, then occupied by German

troops. On a rather stormy night Niels Bohr, a well-known physicist, escaped to Sweden in a small boat. The most precious thing in Иhis luggage was a beer bottle, which he cherished dearly. The beer bottle, however, was only a camouflage: it was filled with pure water.

(3)No less mysterious was an event that occurred in Norway. In 1942 the small Norwegian town of Rjukan was raided by British paratroopers. The object of this enigmatic operation long remained a secret. Only after the war did it become known that this risky operation had been undertaken with the purpose of destroying a small plant and a store of four hundred litres of water kept there.

The real reason for all these incomprehensible events was, in fact, heavy water. Heavy water was discovered not long ago. Some forty years ago the American scientist Urey found that, besides ordinary hydrogen, there exists heavy hydrogen, whose atoms are twice as heavy as those of ordinary hydrogen. Scientists were so perplexed that they gave the new hydrogen the name of deuterium, as if it were not hydrogen at

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all but a completely different substance.

(4) As is known, a water molecule comprises two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. When atoms of heavy hydrogen are present heavy water is formed. It was more recently discovered that an even heavier hydrogen exists, called tritium, and that there are two kinds of heavy oxygen. Molecules of water are made up of various combinations of the atoms of these substances. Thus, any water is a mixture of

Сeighteen various compounds, seventeen of which are varieties of heavy water.

The proportion of heavy water in ordinary water is negligible. Molecules containing the heaviest oxygen occur at the rate of one thousand per million, and those containing deuterium, two hundred per million. Heavy water, which was firstobtained in a pure form just before the war, was essential in the creation of the atomic bomb. For this reason, the Allies took measures to prevent it from falling into the

arose.иHeavy water proved to be dead in the real sense of the word, for it cannot sustain life.

hands of the Nazis.

(5) What is heavy water like? The water studied best is that containing deuterium.

It cannot be distinguished from ordinary water by its colour, small or taste, but it is not good for livingбАorganisms. In this way popular legends about live and dead water

Plant seeds placed in heavy water fail to germinate. Fish and single-celled organisms and microbes die after a short time. Mice and rats which are given heavy water to drink do not live long. If the heavy water they are given is diluted they survive, but suffer from terrible thirst. Heavy water always brings about death. It has oven been suggested that an, accumulation of heavy water in an organism is

responsible for ageing, but there is still no convincing evidence to support this.

Is the small admixture of heavy water that is always present in ordinary water harmful to us? Obviously, it is not. InДfact, small amounts of heavy water are

beneficial for man, as it intensifies certain vital processes, whereas large quantities retard them. Heavy water is not lethal for living beings, but any marked retardation of vitally important processes is fatal.

1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, dead water is… A) Bordeaux water.

B) heavy water. C) live water. D) diluted water.

2.Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.И

A)When Nazi troops were marching on Paris, two French scientists were sealing containers in which there were 185 kilograms of water.

B)Niels Bohr escaped to Norway with a beer bottle, which he cherished dearly.

C)When atoms of heavy hydrogen are present heavy water is formed.

D)Heavy water was discovered by German scientists.

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3. Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) A water molecule comprises two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. B) There are two kinds of heavy oxygen.

C) Any water is a mixture of eighteen various compounds.

D) Heavy water contains seventeen compounds of heavy oxygen.

4. Ответьте на вопрос:

Why did the Allies not want the Nazis to obtain heavy water?

5. Укаж те, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) содержится ответ на вопрос.

8.Определите, является ли утверждение: «Heavy water is not radioactive»

ложным / втексте нетинформации/ истинным.

9.Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1.Had the vessel been destroyed by enemy submarines the containers would not have been lost.

if

………………………………… been destroyed by enemy submarines the containers would not have been lost.

2.As is known, a water molecule comprises two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen. И

to

A water molecule ……………………….. two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.

3. Heavy water proved to be dead in the real sense of the word, for it cannot sustain life.

that

……………………… heavy water is dead in the real sense of the word, for it cannot sustain life.

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10. Переведите предложения из текста по памяти, сопоставьте ваш перевод с текстом:

Что же представляет собой тяжелая вода?

Лучше всего изучена вода, в молекулы которой включен дейтерий.

По цвету, запаху, вкусу она ничем не отличается от обычной воды, но совершенно не пригодна для живых организмов.

Вот так неожиданно воскресли народные предания о живой и мертвой воде. Тяжелая вода в самом прямом смысле этого слова оказалась мертвой.

Она не способна поддерживать жизнь.

C) The aim ofбАthe article is to explain...

D) The article is devoted to the problem of…

мысли

12. Какое з данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: Besides that in the article we may find information about…

А) As is known, a water molecule comprises two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen.

B) Plant seeds placed in heavy water fail to germinate.

C) The proportion of heavy water in ordinary water is negligible.

D) Among the dramatic events of WorldДWar II three especially mysterious ones remained unknown or did not attract particular attention.

Text 41. The problem of the environment and the development of society's needs

(1)The last three decades in the world's development have been characterized by the increasingly pressing nature of global problems that are of concern to the whole of mankind. The accelerated growth of the productive forces, the increasing physical and economic internationalization of the modern world combined with the global scale of world political processes have generated a whole set of organically intertwined global factors which are increasingly affecting the shaping of mankind's future.

A place of prominence among these global problems belongs to preservation of the natural environment on our planet and ensuring the rational use of its resources, which has for the first time in history come to be an objective reality.

(2)Several decades ago the Russian scientist V.I. Vernadsky wrote: «In the twentieth century, for the first time in the history of the Earth, Man has learned about,И

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and extended his activities to, the whole of the biosphere; he-has completed the Earth's geographical map and has settled throughout the length and breadth of the globe. In its way of life, mankind has become a single whole».

Scientific and technological process has equipped mankind with a previously unheard-of powerful means of harnessing and utilizing the forces of nature. The increasing scale of society's impact on the environment has, however, created a danger

СThe global industrialization of economic activity, the growing population of the globe, the unprecedented concentration of the means of production and people in the major cities, etc. carry the threat of increasing pressure on the environment and on the

of polluting and destroying it.

(3) The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere. This is why the further development of the productive forces will make it increasingly imperative to work out special measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part

totalityиof the natural resources. The resulting ecological conflict is now becoming a recognized factor in the economic and social development of society. Its consequences are literally being felt in all the links and levels of national economies.

of economic system.

various naturalбАsystems.

1. Определ те, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Scientific and technological process created a danger of polluting and

destroying mankind.

B) The ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of

nature.

C) Environmentalism is an attempt to balance relations between humans and the

D) The twentieth century is characterized by undivided attention to the problems of preserving the environment.

3.Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

What made it possible for mankind to harness the natural forces?

4.Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

Special measures should be worked out to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressureИ

on the environment.

5. Определите основную идею текста.

A)The consequences of the ecological conflict are being felt in all the links and levels of national economies.

B)The growing population influence the environment.

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C)People should preserve the natural environment and ensure the national use of its resources.

D)Man has settled throughout the length and breadth of the globe.

6. Определите, является ли утверждение: «For the last three decades mankind has had a concern in global problems» ложным / в тексте нет информации /

истинным.

7. Переведите предложения из текста по памяти, сопоставьте ваш перевод с текстом: Современный экологический конфликт – это угроза истощения невозобнов мых ресурсов природы и загрязнения биосферы. По

recognized factor in the economic and social development of society.

А) The author discusses an important problem of…

B) The author emphasizes the fact that…

C) The paper suggests approaches to understanding...

D) The author provides some examples of...

9.Какое из данных ниже предложений можно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author discusses an important problem of…

А) The present ecological conflict threatens to deplete the non-renewable resources of nature and to pollute the biosphere.

B) «In the twentieth century, for the first time in the history of the Earth, Man has learned about, and extended his activities to, the whole of the biosphere; he-has completed the Earth's geographical map and has settled throughout the length and breadth of the globe. In its way of life, mankind has become a single whole».

C) Its consequences are literally being felt in all the links and levels of national economies.

D) This is why the further development of the productive forces will make it increasingly imperative to work out special measures to reduce the rapid build-up of the pressure on the environment on the part of economic system.

10.Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/GlnFylwdYH4. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем

представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту. И

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Text 42. Uncrowned sovereigns of seas

(1) The sharks of today are one of the most biologically curious and least studied groups of vertebrates. They are hard to observe in their native habitat and some of their species are very rare, many of them are very large in size which makes their investigation difficult. What is more, sharks are sometimes so bold as to attack

С(2) At the same time, sharks have long been hunted: their meat is used for food; their teeth for making knives, battle swords or surgical scalpels, the most recent application being to make souvenirs. The shark skin makes excellent material for craftsmen, the fat is a most valuable raw material for the medical and pharmaceutical

people. The reasons for such behavior have not been adequately studied as yet, and the means of defense against an attacking shark are ineffectual.

For centuries these animals have been connected with various legends and myths, which occasionally have some foundation but frequently are the fruits of people's

imagination.

industries.

и (3) SystematicбАstudy of sharks is relatively recent development, which began as

late as the 1940s. However, in spite of considerable progress in investigations, these animals are still a puzzle and many of their biological features lead the scientists into a blind alley. What is most curious is that in popular literature and occasionally scientific research, one out of every three or four communications is either out-of- date «sensation», or just an error. And it is all this that made me take my pen and try to summarize the materials I have collected in the past two decades as well as the findings of research voyages and expeditions to the North Atlantic, the Black Sea, the Sea of Japan, the Sea of Okhotsk, the coastal waters of Cuba and Indonesia.

The paleontological chronicles allow Дus to trace history of sharks back more than 350 million years (man's history is almost 100 times shorter). Throughout a long period sharks have always lived alongside people, competing with man for food in the ocean and occasionally killing one another.

1.Продолжите предложение: According to the passage, the uncrowned sovereigns of seas are…

A) craftsmen. B) whale sharks. C) sharks.

D) tiger sharks.

2.Определите, какое утверждение не соответствует содержанию текста.

A) Sharks are hard to be observed in their native habitat. B) It is impossible to resist an attacking shark.

C) Sharks are three times as old as mankind is.

D) The shark teeth are used for making battle swords.И

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3. Ответьте на вопрос: Why have sharks long been hunted?

4. Укажите, в какой части текста (1, 2, 3) содержится ответ на вопрос.

When did the systematic study of sharks begin?

5. Укажите, какой части текста (1, 2, 3) соответствует следующая идея:

8.Какая из предложенныхАниже моделей больше подходит для описания следующей мысли: The sharks of today are one of the most biologically curious and least studied groups of vertebrates. Д

А) The author mentions… B) The author stipulates that… C) The author outlines…

D) The author examines how…

9.Какое из данных ниже предложений можноИописать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: The author comes to the conclusion that…

А) Throughout a long period sharks have always lived alongside people, competing with man for food in the ocean and occasionally killing one another.

B) The shark skin makes excellent material for craftsmen, the fat is a most valuable raw material for the medical and pharmaceutical industries.

C) The reasons for such behavior have not been adequately studied as yet, and the means of defense against an attacking shark are ineffectual.

D) However, in spite of considerable progress in investigations, these animals are

still a puzzle and many of their biological features lead the scientists into a blind alley.обобщить матер алы, со ранные мной за последние два десятилетия во время

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10. Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/x-RvZUHpPMc. Расскажите, какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.

Text 43. The substance to which our planet owes its existence

С(1) When an astronomer trains his telescope at one of the planets neighbouring the Earth, he always wonders about the presence of water and oxygen there. His interest is quite natural: should they exist in any quantity on the planet, life there might be expected somehow to resemble ours. It is water that brought our Earth into existence, developedиit to its present state, and created life. Above all else, water is the most wonderful substance on the Earth and the more we learn about it the more we marvel at it.

Hardly anybody has ever speculates on the remarkable properties of water, and no wonder: we encounterбАwater everywhere, it is a common thing on our planet. Three quarters of the Earth's surface is covered by water, with about one fifth of the land covered by solidified water (ice and snow); clouds of water vapour and tiny drops of water always shroud a good half of that land, where there are no clouds water-vapour is always present in the air. That's how common water is on our planet: it constitutes as much as seventy-one per cent of the human body. And common things are never regarded as wonderful. It’s very commonplaceness, however, is extraordinary. No other substances is more abundant on the Earth and none occurs in three states at the same time: solid, liquid and gaseous.

(2) Water has conditioned the Earth's climate. But for water our planet would have cooled long ago and all life would haveДdisappeared. Water possesses a high heat capacity. When warmed it absorbs much heat, and cooling it loses it. Oceans, seas and all other reservoirs on our planet, as well as atmospheric vapour act as heat accumulators: in warm weather they absorb heat, and when it is cold they give it off, so warming the air and all surrounding space.

The cold of outer space would long ago have penetratedИthe Earth but for its warm coat. This coat is the atmosphere which surrounds our planet, the water vapour acting like a layer of cotton wool. Over deserts where water vapour is scarce the coat is full of holes. Thus unprotected the Earth is fiercely heated by the Sun in the daytime and cools off completely overnight. That is why temperature fluctuations in the desert are so great.

Nonetheless the Earth would freeze in the long run if it were not for another of water's remarkable properties. It is common knowledge that almost all substances contract on cooling, but water expands. If it contracted, ice would be heavier than water and would sink. All the water would gradually turn into ice and the Earth would be left with a very light mantle of a gaseous atmosphere containing no water vapour.

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(3) Water has one more extraordinary characteristic: its latent heat of melting and evaporation is extremely high, it is only due to this that life is possible in a hot climate. Only by evaporating water (i.e. giving off a large amount of heat) can animals and men maintain their body temperature several degrees lower than that of the ambient atmosphere.

The role of water in nature is unique because life would be impossible without it. Life originated in primeval seas from the substances dissolved in them. Ever since then chemical reactions have been occurring in every cell of all animals and plants between the dissolved substances.

(4) Perhaps the least known among the remarkable properties of water is its ability to form an extremely strong surface film resulting from the very powerful mutual attraction of molecules in the uppermost layers. Its surface tension is strong enough

A)Chemical processes in every cell of all animals and plants involve water.

B)The role of water in nature is unique.

C)Water can form an extremely strong surface film.

D)Water protects our planet from the outer space. И

6. Составьте второе предложение с предложенным словом таким образом, чтобы оно имело тот же смысл, что и первое предложение.

1. But for water our planet would have cooled long ago. if

……………………………….. water our planet would have cooled long ago.

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2. It is common knowledge that almost all substances contract on cooling, but water expands.

well

……………………………….. almost all substances contract on cooling, but water expands.

3. Its surface tension is strong enough to support things which seemingly should not float.

so

Its surface tension is …………………………………….support things which seemingly should not float.

7. Перевед те предложения из текста по памяти, сопоставьте ваш

следующей мысли: The role of water in nature is unique because life would be impossible without it.

А) Everybody knows that… B) So we may see that…

9.Какое из данных ниже предложенийДможно описать с помощью следующей модели аннотирования: There are a lot of special terms in the text,

for example…

А) That is why temperature fluctuations in the desertИare so great.

B) Perhaps the least known among the remarkable properties of water is its ability to form an extremely strong surface film resulting from the very powerful mutual attraction of molecules in the uppermost layers.

C) This coat is the atmosphere which surrounds our planet, the water vapour acting like a layer of cotton wool.

D) Its surface tension is strong enough to support things which seemingly should not float.

10.Изучите данное видео: https://youtu.be/9iMGFqMmUFs. Расскажите,

какая новая информация (по сравнению с предыдущей) в нем

представлена. Включите новую информацию в построенную вами схему по тексту.C) At the end of the article the author sums up…

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Text 44. Rare flowers in Trans-Baikal land

(1) East of the Lake Baikal stretches an immense mountainous country, known in Russia as Zabaikalye, Trans-Baikal Land. Many people know of this region primarily as a place for exile of the Decembrists, Poland's insurgents and other «rebels» of the distant and recent past. However, this rich and blessed land is a residence of not only

ВСsettlers but also of descendants of the native population with their own customs and

traditions. One of the highlights in this legacy is the folk healing which had long become known as Tibet medicine. This medicine is rooted in ancient India and China, where sick people had mainly been treated with medical herbs as early as several

thousand years ago . Phytotherapy came to Tibet concurrently with Budhism, in

the и5-6th centuries AD. From Tibet phytotherapy travelled to Mongolia in the 13th century, and then to Trans-Baikal Land, in the 18th century, to which healing plants were brought from China and India. Besides, the Trans-Baikal people used more than 400 kinds of local herbs for making medicines.

(2) In our days,бАthere are only a few experts in old recipes and healing methods left in the Trans-Baikal land. This means that the century-old experience of healers who learnt and tested the power of local plants may sink into oblivion, since almost no written sources are preserved, and because of man's economic activity some of our green friends had already disappeared. So as not to allow this to happen with the rest of them, it is in this land that we should collect all the information available on herbs, the composition of medicinal powders and the particular proper ties of their application. But the first thing we have to do is save this land's flora. This was the reason for publication of the Red Book of Buryatia, which includes 133 plant species.

(3) Those who practised Tibetan medicine were able not only to diagnose a disease and to find a cure for it but also to strengthenДthe state of the human body with the aid of herbs. This is why most medicines they developed consisted of many components, including 10 to 20 and occasionally 45-60 kinds of herbs.