Haemoptysis is expectoration of blood with sputum during cough. The physician must determine the origin of haemoptysis and the amount and character of blood expectorated with sputum.

The amount of blood expectorated with sputum is mostly scant. Blood appears in the form of thin streaks, or it may give diffuse colouration to the sputum, which can be jelly-like or foamy. Cavernous tuberculosis, bronchiectases, degrading tumor and pulmonary infarction may be attended by lung haemorrhage, which is usually accompanied with strong cough.

Blood expectorated with sputum can be fresh and scarlet, or altered.

Pain in the chest may arise during the development of a pathological condition in the thoracic wall, the pleura, heart, and the aorta, and in diseases of the abdominal organs (by irradiation).

Pain in the chest in diseases of the respiratory organs depends on irritation of the pleura

Localization of pain depends on the pathological focus. Pain in the left or right inferior part of the chest (pain in the side) is characteristic of dry pleurisy. Inflammation of the diaphragmal pleura may be manifested by pain in the abdomen to simulate acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, or appendicitis.

Pleural pain is often piercing, while in diaphragmal pleurisy and spontaneous pneumothorax it is acute and intense. Pain is intensified in deep breathing, coughing, or when the patient lies on the healthy side

(the respiration movements in this position become more intense in the affected side of the chest to strengthen friction

of the inflamed pleura (rough from deposited fibrin).

Pain lessens when the patient lies on the affected side. Pleural pain is also lessened when the chest is compressed to decrease the respiratory excursions.