Grammar review and development
Assignment 13
Review the Grammar material «The Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form». Study the charts.
Pay special attention to the adverbs and the words denoting time. They are very often used with this Tense Form. You will find them in the first chart.
The main patterns of the Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form are those presented in the charts that come next. Study the patterns. Make sure you are familiar with all of them and you know how to translate the sentences from English into Russian.
|
Present: usually, generally, always, sometimes, every (day, week, month) often, etc. Past: yesterday, the day before yesterday, a week ago, last (week, month), in 1985, the other day, just now, etc. Future: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next (week, month, year), in (a week, two months), in 2051, soon, etc.
|
The Present Indefinite (Simple) Tense Form. Since it is the first Tense Form introduced in the book, it has introduced in the book, it has been done for you very carefully.
|
|
|
We |
study |
economics. |
|
| ||||
|
|
Do |
we |
study |
economics? |
|
| ||||
|
What |
do |
we |
study? |
|
|
| ||||
|
|
|
Who |
studies |
economics? |
|
| ||||
|
|
Do |
we |
study |
economics or history? |
|
| ||||
|
|
|
We |
study |
economics, |
don't we? |
| ||||
|
|
|
We |
do not study |
economics. |
|
| ||||
|
|
|
We |
do not study |
economics, |
do we? |
| ||||
|
|
|
He |
studies |
accounting. |
|
| ||||
|
|
Does |
he |
study |
accounting? |
|
| ||||
|
What |
does |
he |
study? |
|
|
| ||||
|
|
|
Who |
studies |
accounting? |
|
| ||||
|
|
Does |
he |
study |
accounting or philosophy? |
|
| ||||
|
|
|
He |
studies |
accounting, |
doesn't he? |
| ||||
|
|
|
He |
does not study |
accounting. |
|
| ||||
|
|
|
He |
does not study |
accounting, |
does he? |
| ||||
|
|
|
Economics |
is |
a very interesting subject. |
| |||||
|
|
Is |
economics |
|
a very interesting subject? |
| |||||
|
What |
is |
economics? |
|
|
| |||||
|
|
|
What |
is |
a very interesting subject? |
| |||||
|
|
Is |
economics |
|
|
an interesting or a boring subject? |
| |||||
|
|
|
Economics |
is |
a very interesting subject, |
isn't it? |
| |||||
|
|
|
Economics |
is not |
a very interesting subject. |
|
| |||||
|
|
|
Economics |
is not |
a very interesting subject, |
is it? |
| |||||
|
|
|
She |
has |
three English classes a week. |
|
| |||||
|
|
Does |
she |
have |
three English classes a week? |
|
| |||||
|
How many classes |
does |
she |
have |
a week? |
|
| |||||
|
|
|
Who |
has |
three English classes a week? |
|
| |||||
|
|
Does |
she |
have |
three or four English classes a week? |
|
| |||||
|
|
|
She |
has |
three English classes a week, |
doesn't she? |
| |||||
|
|
|
She |
does not have |
three English classes a week. |
|
| |||||
|
|
|
She |
does not have |
three English classes a week, |
does she? |
| |||||
The Past Indefinite Tense Form
|
Adam Smith was a Scottish social philosopher and political economist. |
|
Adam Smith died-4n Edinburgh in 1790 after a painful illness. |
|
Was Britain «the workshop of the world» little more than a century ago? |
|
Did we do more or less business with the Canadian firms three years ago? |
|
John Maynard Keynes was one of the most influential economists of the twentieth century, wasn’t he? |
|
This company did not grow very rapidly last year, did it? |
|
When did the United Kingdom have a developed manufacturing sector? |
|
In 2003 the bank lent us £ 52,000 to fund our reconstruction. |
The Future Indefinite Tense Form
|
Knowledge of economics will help you run your business. |
|
We will become a public company soon. |
|
In a few years your firm will prosper. |
|
What questions will they ask her at the interview tomorrow? |
|
Will he do marketing or accounting at the University? |
|
They will not rise the prices, will they? |
Notes and Commentary
Public company — a company that sells shares to all buyers on the open market (открытое акционерное общество)
Beware! You do not use the Future Indefinite Tense Form in the subordinate
clauses of time and condition.
|
When the government sells this company, it will become part of the private sector. |
|
If the firm does not increase sales, it will get bankrupt. |
Short answers
|
Do we study economics? — Yes, we do. / No, we don't. We study history. |
|
Does she have three English classes a week? — Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't. She has five English classes a week. |
|
Did we do more business with the Canadian firms three years ago? — Yes, we did. / No, we didn’t. We did less business. |
|
Was the manufacturing sector extremely important a century ago? — Yes, it was. / No, it wasn't. The service sector was. |
|
Will he do accounting at the University? — Yes, he will. / No, he won't. He will do marketing. |
The Sequence of Tenses; The Future in the Past Indefinite Tense Form
|
He said, «I am an economists |
He said (that) he was an economist. |
|
They said, «We study economics». |
They said (that) they studied economics. |
|
She said to her friends, «My favourite subject at the University is English». |
She told her friends (that) her favourite subject at the University was English. |
|
The student said to his friend, « The job seems to be very good. I will apply for this job, I will do it tomorrow. |
The student told his friend (that) the job seemed to be very good, he would apply for that job and he would do it the next day. |
|
He asked, «Are you a student?». |
He asked if I was a student. |
|
Ann asked me, «When will you go to the interview?». |
Ann asked me when I would go to the interview. |
Assignment 14
Review the Grammar material «The construction There is / there are ». Study the charts. This construction is used when we speak about the existence of something or somebody, and when the Russian sentence begins with the words that answer the question «где?».
Pay special attention to the words some, any/ no, a /o/ of, many, few, a few, much, little, a little. They are very often used with this construction.
The main patterns of there is / there are are those presented in the charts below. Study the patterns. Make sure you know all of them.
|
|
|
There are |
many private companies in this town. |
|
|
|
Are |
there |
many private companies in this town? |
|
|
How many private companies |
are |
there |
in this town? |
|
|
What |
is |
there |
in this town? |
|
|
|
Are |
there |
many private or state companies in this town? |
|
|
|
|
There are |
many private companies in this town, |
aren't there? |
|
|
|
There are not |
many private companies in this town. |
|
|
|
|
There are not |
many private companies in this town, |
are there? |
|
There is a job ad in the newspaper. Is there a job ad in the newspaper? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn't. Is there any ]ob ad in the newspaper? — Yes, there is. Yes, there are some. / No, there isn't (any). There are a lot o/job ads in the newspaper. There are many ]ob ads in the newspaper. Are there many job ads in the newspaper? — Yes, there are. / No, there aren't. There are some job ads in the newspaper. Are there any job ads in the newspaper? — Yes, there are (some). / No, there aren't (any). There is a lot of money in my bank account. There is much money in my bank account. Is there much money in my bank account? — Yes, there is. / No, there isn't. There is some money in my bank account. Is there any money in my bank account? — Yes, there is (some). / No, there isn't (any). There are few job ads in the newspaper. (They are not enough to choose from.)
There are a few job ads in the newspaper. (They are enough to choose from.) There is little money in my bank account. (It is not enough to buy something.) There is a little money in my bank account. (It is enough to buy something.) There is no job ad in the newspaper. There is not any job ad in the newspaper. There are no job ads in the newspaper. There are not any ]ob ads in the newspaper. There is no money in my bank account. There is not any money in my bank account. |
In Britain, there are only a few successful large companies, but very many
successful small companies.
There are a lot o/banks in the City of London.
There are no private companies in this town.
Were there any customers here yesterday?
There was not a single private company in the former Soviet Union, was
there?
Were there more than 1.5 million small or large businesses at the end of 1990 in
Britain?
How many texts are there on page nine? — There are two. / There are some./
There is only one.
In a year, there will be a new business centre not far from this place.
He said (that) in a year there would be a new business centre not far from that
place.
Assignment 15
Open the brackets; use the correct form of the verb. The italicized words denoting time will help you do it. Wherever necessary, change the word order. Write the correct sentence in the space opposite the original one.
|
Earlier in its history, Britain (to import) a lot of raw materials.
|
|
|
There (to be) thousands of people from all over the world who (to visit) the London School of Economics last year. |
|
|
The Economist (to be) a weekly magazine of news and opinion. |
|
|
When they (to found) The Economist? |
|
|
Economics (to be) mainly an academic subject. |
|
|
Before the Revolution, Russia (to have) a very large agricultural sector. |
|
|
At present, there (to be) two industries that suffer a decline in Britain. |
|
|
Our French or Spanish branch (to make) a small profit five years ago? |
|
|
Karl Marx (to publish) The Capital in 1867. |
|
|
He said that (tomorrow) he (to get) a job in the sphere of catering. |
|
|
The Wall Street Journal (to be) a daily newspaper |
|
|
She (to study) economics last year. |
|
|
Your work experience and references (to help) you get a job in another company in the near future. |
|
|
Next year there (to be) more employees at this factory. |
|
|
She said that she (to be) sure he (to make) a good specialist when he graduated from the University in three years. |
|
Assignment 16
Translate the sentences from Russian into English. Write your translation in the space opposite the original sentence.
|
Статьи в этом журнале очень интересные. |
|
|
Джон Милл был известным британским философом и экономистом. |
|
|
Она спросила, где я хочу учиться. |
|
|
Сектор обслуживания предоставляет разного вида услуги. |
|
|
Пять лет назад они стали частной компанией. |
|
|
Она изучала экономику или философию три года назад? |
|
|
Он сказал ей, что у нее еще будет время обсудить эту проблему. |
|
|
В этом здании находятся два офиса этой компании. |
|
|
Он спросил, знаю ли я владельца фирмы. |
|
|
США имеют развитый производственный сектор, не так ли? |
|
|
Через два года производительность труда возрастет на 10 процентов. |
|
|
В 1777 году Адам Смит уехал в Эдинбург. |
|
|
Он сказал, что там будет новый банк. |
|
|
Многие страны имеют смешанную экономику. |
|
|
В следующем месяце она поедет на торговую выставку в Лондон. |
|
|
Она спросила, пойду ли я на работу завтра. |
|
Assignment 17
Open the brackets use the correct form of the verb. Write your variant in the empty space in the right-hand column. Turn to the Vocabulary if you don't know how to translate a word.
|
Because of its size, the United States of America in the second half of the 20th century (to serve) as a locomotive for the world economy. Whenever the world
(to sink) into a recession, the United States (to stimulate) consumer demand which (to benefit) both American and foreign producers. Foreign exports to America (to rise), and with higher export earnings exporting countries (to buy) more unique American products. But with success, the American locomotive (to grow) too small to pull the rest of the world. |
|