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Днепропетровский национальный университет им. Олеся Гончара

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Биологическая Систематика

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Павлинов И.Я. Номенклатура в систематике. История, теория, практика

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430	Литература

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Strickland H.E. 1835. On the arbitrary alteration of established terms in natural history. — The Magazine of Natural History, 8: 36–40.

StricklandH.E.1837.Rulesforzoologicalnomenclature.—TheMagazine of Natural History, New Series, 1: 173–176. (русск. перевод: http:// tinea.narod.ru/library/methodus/strickland1837/)

Strickland H.E. 1838. Remarks on Mr. Ogilby’s “Further observations on RulesforNomenclature”.—TheMagazineofNaturalHistory,2:326–331.

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StricklandH.E.,HenslowJ,S.,PhillipsJ.etal.1843.Reportofacommittee appointed to “consider of the rules by which the nomenclature of zoology may be established on a uniform and permanent basis.” — Report of the twelfth meeting of the BritishAssociation for theAdvancement of Science (1842). London: John Murray. P. 105–121.

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London: Longamn. 365 p.

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Литература

431

Temminck C.J. 1815. Manuel d’ornithologie, ouTableau systèmatique des oiseaux qui se troevent en Europe.Amsterdam: J.C. Sepp & fils; Paris: G. Dufour. 618 p.

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432	Литература

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Section 1

433

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ
Предисловие.......................................................................................	3
Введение..............................................................................................	5
Глава 1. Краткое представление систематики................................	14
1.1. Место, предмет, структура.....................................................	14
1.2. Основные этапы и направления развития............................	19
1.3. Основные идеи и теории........................................................	27
1.3.1. Основные идеи....................................................................	29
1.3.2. Основные теории и школы.................................................	33
1.4. Основные концепции и понятия...........................................	47
1.4.1. Классификация................................................................	47
1.4.2. Иерархия, ранги, категории.............................................	52
1.4.3. Таксономические единицы и их определения...............	63
1.4.4. Признаки..........................................................................	74
Глава 2. История номенклатуры......................................................	80
2.1. В русле эмпирики: от начала времён до XVI века..............	84
2.1.1. Фолк-номенклатура.........................................................	85
2.1.2. Язык прото-систематики.................................................	89
2.2. В русле эссенциализма: XVI–XVIII века.............................	93
2.2.1. Основные особенности....................................................	94
2.2.2. Долиннеевский этап........................................................	96
2.2.3. «Линнеевская реформа»................................................	100
2.3. В русле номинализма: XVIII–XX века...............................	110
2.3.1. Первые номиналисты.....................................................	114
2.3.2. XIX век: основные проблемы и вопросы.....................	117
2.3.2.1. Приоритет или используемость?............................	118
2.3.2.2. «Классичность» или стабильность?.......................	120
2.3.2.3. Состав, признаки или типы?..................................	122
2.3.3. Первые кодексы..............................................................	125
2.3.3.1. Ботаника...................................................................	125
2.3.3.2. Зоология....................................................................	130

434	Оглавление
2.3.4. Дробление кодексов.......................................................		137
2.3.4.1. Ботаника...................................................................		138
2.3.4.2. Зоология.......................................................................		150
2.3.5. Ранние «биокодексы».....................................................		160
2.3.6. ХХ век: международные кодексы.................................		165
2.4. В русле рационализма..........................................................		183
Глава 3. Современные кодексы......................................................		189
3.1. Ботаническая номенклатура................................................		190
3.2. Зоологическая номенклатура..............................................		194
3.3. Номенклатура прокариот (бактериологическая)...............		200
3.4. Вирусологическая номенклатура........................................		206
3.5. Биологическая номенклатура..............................................		208
3.6. Филогенетическая номенклатура........................................		213
3.7. Номенклатура культивируемых растений..........................		219
3.8. Сравнение кодексов..............................................................		223
3.8.1. Ранговая структура.........................................................		225
3.8.2. Опубликование (обнародование) и регистрация.........		230
3.8.3. Определение таксонов...................................................		231
3.8.4. Названия.........................................................................		232
3.8.5. Приоритет.......................................................................		235
3.8.6. Регулирование кодексов.................................................		236
Глава 4. Элементы теории номенклатуры....................................		238
4.1. Базовый тезаурус..................................................................		241
4.1.1. Номенклатурные объекты.............................................		243
4.1.2. Таксономические десигнаторы.....................................		244
4.1.3. Номенклатурная деятельность и её регуляторы.........		256
4.2. Некоторые теоретические аспекты.....................................		265
4.2.1. Основные концепции номенклатуры............................		265
4.2.2. Таксономическая теория и номенклатура....................		268
4.3. Основные принципы номенклатуры...................................		276
4.3.1. Регуляторные принципы................................................		279
4.3.2. Когнитивные принципы................................................		283
4.3.3. Лингвистические принципы.........................................		292
4.3.4. Юридические принципы...............................................		300
4.3.5. Таксономические принципы.........................................		318
4.3.6. Прочие принципы..........................................................		339

Оглавление	435
Глава 5. Некоторые типовые задачи..............................................	341
5.1. Выбор валидного (корректного) названия.........................	343
5.2. Введение нового названия...................................................	344
5.2.1. В связи с выделением нового таксона..........................	345
5.2.2. В связи с замещением прежнего названия...................	348
5.3. Изменение названия.............................................................	349
5.4. Отвержение, сохранение, синонимизация названий.........	350
5.5. Сохранение типового материала.........................................	354
Вместо заключения: Что дальше?.................................................	358
Словарь основных терминов.........................................................	362
Хроника основных событий..........................................................	393
Литература......................................................................................	397

436

Contents

Igor Ya. PavlInov

noMEnClaTUrE In THE SYSTEMaTICS. HYSTorY, THEorY, PraCTICE

KMK Sci Press. 439 pages. In Russian

The book contains a comprehensive overview of the history, theory and partly practice of the taxonomic nomenclature regarded as an important part of the professional language of the biological systematics. It begins with a brief summary of the main stages and trends in the historical developmentofkeyideasandschoolsinthesystematics.Based on this summary, the history of development of descriptive language of the systematics is reviewed, including the folk nomenclature, language of the protosystematics (from Antiquity to the Renaissance), that of the scholastic systematics (16th to 18th centuries), and of the postscholastic systematics (19th to 20th centuries). All currently acting and projectedCodes of the nomenclature are briefly overviewed and commented. Basic concepts and notions of the nomenclature are reviewed, and their connection with the taxonomic theory is discussed. The structure of the nomenclatorial activity is considered, and principal nomenclatorial tasks are summarized. The key principles of the nomenclature are presented and commented, which are grouped into five basic “blocks”: the regulatory, the cognitive, the linguistic, the juridical, and the taxonomic ones. Some standard tasks of the nomenclatorial activity are briefly considered. A glossary with 415 principal nomenclatorial terms is provided. Bibiligraphy includes 526 titles.

Contents

437

ConTEnTS
Foreword..........................................................................................	3
Introduction..........................................................................................	5
Chapter 1.Abrief presentation of the systematics..............................	14
1.1.Place,subject,structure.............................................................	14
1.2. Principal stages and directions of development........................	19
1.3. Basic ideas and theories...........................................................	27
1.3.1. Basic ideas.............................................................................	29
1.3.2. Basic theories and schools.....................................................	33
1.4. Basic concepts and notions.......................................................	47
1.4.1. Classification......................................................................	47
1.4.2. Hierarchy, ranks, categories...............................................	52
1.4.3.Taxonomic units and their definitions.................................	63
1.4.4. Characters..........................................................................	74
Chapter 2. History of the nomenclature..............................................	80
2.1. In the course of emiricism: from the origin to 16th century......	84
2.1.1. Folk-nomenclature.............................................................	85
2.1.2. The language of protosystematics......................................	89
2.2. In the course of essentialism: 16th to 18th centuries.................	93
2.2.1. Principal features................................................................	94
2.2.2. Pre-Linnaean stage.............................................................	96
2.2.3. “The Linnaean Reform”...................................................	100
2.3.Inthecourse of nominalism:18thto 20thcenturies................	110
2.3.1. First nominalists...............................................................	114
2.3.2. 19th century: the principal problems and questions.........	117
2.3.2.1. Priority or usage?.......................................................	118
2.3.2.2. “Classicality” or stability?.........................................	120
2.3.2.3. Circumscription, characters, or types?.......................	122
2.3.3. First Codes.......................................................................	125
2.3.3.1. Botany........................................................................	125
2.3.3.2. Zoology......................................................................	130

438	Contents

2.3.4. Codes partitioning............................................................	137
2.3.4.1. Botany........................................................................	138
2.3.4.2. Zoology......................................................................	150
2.3.5. Early “Biocodes”..............................................................	160
2.3.6. 20th century: International Codes....................................	165
2.4.Inthecourseofrationalism.....................................................	183
Chapter3.ThecontemporaryCodes.................................................	189
3.1. Botanical nomenclature..........................................................	190
3.2. Zoological nomenclature........................................................	194
3.3. Prokaryot (bacterial) nomenclature........................................	200
3.4. Virological nomenclature.......................................................	206
3.5.Biologicalnomenclature.........................................................	208
3.6. Phylogenetic nomenclature....................................................	213
3.7. Nomenclature for cultivated plants.........................................	219
3.8. Comparison of the the Codes..................................................	223
3.8.1. Rank structure..................................................................	225
3.8.2. Publication and registration.............................................	230
3.8.3. Taxa definition..................................................................	231
3.8.4. Nomina............................................................................	232
3.8.5. Priotity..............................................................................	235
3.8.6. Code regulations..............................................................	236
Chapter4.Elementsofatheoryofthenomenclature........................	238
4.1. Basic thesaurus.......................................................................	241
4.1.1.Nomenclatorialobjects.....................................................	243
4.1.2. Тaxonomic designators....................................................	244
4.1.3. Nomenclatorial acivity and its regulators.........................	256
4.2. Some theoretical issues..........................................................	265
4.2.1. Basic concepts of the nomenclature.................................	265
4.2.2.Taxonomic theory and the nomenclature..........................	268
4.3. Basic principles of the nomenclature.....................................	276
4.3.1. Regulatory principles.......................................................	279
4.3.2. Cognitive principles.........................................................	283
4.3.3. Linguistic principles.........................................................	292
4.3.4. Juridical principles...........................................................	300
4.3.5. Taxonomic principles.......................................................	318
4.3.6. Other principles................................................................	339

Contents	439
Chapter 5. Certain standard tasks.....................................................	341
5.1. Selection of a valid (correct) name........................................	343
5.2. Introduction of a new name....................................................	344
5.2.1. Due to recognition of a new taxon..................................	345
5.2.2. Due to replacement of a previous name............................	348
5.3. Change of a name...................................................................	349
5.4. Rejection, conservation, synonimy of names.........................	350
5.5. Conservation of the type material..........................................	354
Instead of a conclusion: What’s beyond?........................................	358
Glossary of the principal terms.........................................................	362
Chronicle of the principal events.....................................................	393
Bibliography.....................................................................................	397

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