8. The syntactical expressive means based on unusual word order

Aposiopesis is a breaking off in speech, leaving the s-ce unfinished, incomplete, both logically and stylistically.

Ex. You’re going – or else.; It depends, you know.

A. is a typical feature of oral speech and is widely used in represented speech

Asyndeton is the connection of s-ces, phrases or w-ds without any conjunctions.

Ex. People sang. People cried. People fought...

A variant of detached construction is parenthesis. Parenthesis is a qualifying, explanatory or appositive word, phrase, clause, sentence, or other sequence which interrupts a syntactic construc­tion without otherwise affecting it, having often a characteristic into­nation and indicated in writing by commas, brackets or dashes.

Inversion - the reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence, for the sake of emphasis (in prose) or for the sake of the metre (in poetry): Dark they were and golden-eyed. Stylistic inversion aims at attaching logical stress or additional emotional coloring to the surface meaning of the utterance.

Stylistic inversion may be of various types:

1) the predicate may precede the subject of the sentence;

2) the object is placed before the predicate;

3) the attribute stands after the word it modifies (the post-position of an attribute).

Stylistic inversion is used to single out some parts of the sentence and sometimes to heighten the emotional tension.

 Parcellation is a deliberate break of the sentence structure into two or more isolated parts, separated by a pause and a period.

Detachment means that a secondary member

a) becomes phonetically separated

b) obtains emphatic stress

c) sometimes (not necessarily) changes its habitual position.

This secondary part of the sentence, remaining what it has been (an attribute, an adverbial modifier, etc.), at the same time assumes the function of an additional predicative; it comes to resemble the predicate.

Detachment makes the word prominent. Thus, from the point of view of stylistics, detachment is nothing but emphasis.

9. Informal voc.: literary colloquial words and familiar colloquial words

Among other informal words, colloquialisms are used by everybody, and their sphere of communication is comparatively wide, at least of literary colloquial words. These are informal words that are used in everyday conversational speech both by cultivated and uneducated people of all age groups. The sphere of communication of literary colloquial words also include the printed page.

Vast use of informal words is one of the prominent features of 20th century English and American literature. It is quite natural that informal words appear in dialogues in which they realistically reflect the speech of modern people.

However, in modern fiction informal words are not restricted to conversation in their use, but frequently appear in descriptive passages as well. In this way the narrative is endowed with conversational features. The author creates an intimate, warm, informal atmosphere.

“Fred Hardy was a bad lot (пользовался дурной славой). Pretty women and

an unlucky knack for backing the wrong horse had landed him in the bankruptcy court by the time he was twenty-five…” (From W.S. Maugham).

Here are some more examples of literary colloquial words. Pal (кореш, друг) and chum (приятель, дружок) are colloquial equivalents of friend; girl, when used colloquially, denotes a woman of any age; bite and snack (quick meal – перекусить) stand for meal; hi, hello are informal greetings, and so long a form of parting; start, go on, finish and be through (покончить) are also literary colloquialisms.

A considerable number of shortenings are found among words of this type. E.g. pram, exam, fridge, flu, zip, movie.