19. The doctrine of the Russian Turkism. The role of "Ittifaq al-Muslimin" in the consolidation of the Turkic-Muslim peoples

Ittifaq al-Muslimin was a liberal-democratic party of Muslims in Russian Empire. The party was formed after The First Congress of Muslims of Russia and the party line was similar to Kadets (August 15. 1905 in Novgorod). It was dominated by Volga Tatar intellectuals, but also included Azeri and Crimean Tatar representatives.

The main elements of Ittifaq's program were constitutional monarchy, recognition of democratic freedoms, distribution of state available land and landowners' redeemable land to peasants, equality of religions, restitution of mosques and madrassas belongings to Muslims, etc.

. Permanently worked Central Committee and Central Bureau were elected. Ittifaq played a major part within Muslim fraction of State Duma of the Russian Empire.

Due to the beginning of July 1907 the Stolypin reaction "Ittifak" virtually collapsed.

20. The program of industrialization of Kazakhstan 1925-1939. Its positive and negative consequences

Positive consequences:

Most of factories and plants have actually been built in those days.

- The elimination of technical and economic backwardness of the country;

- The achievement of economic independence;

- Creating a powerful defense industry;

- Priority development of basic industries (fuel, metallurgical, chemical, mechanical engineering);

- The formation of the working class and the frame production and technical intelligentsia.

Kazakhstan continued industrialization until the Second World War. Industrialization led to the urban growth, the formation of a working class, heavy industry became the predominant field of economy – that was the great achievement for the previous cattle-breeding people, 90 % of whom before the Revolution lived in a countryside; working class was few, as well as national technical cadres; communication and transport facility was poorly developed.

However, industrialization also had negative effects. It required huge funds, and these funds were extracted by pumping them out of agriculture and home loan. Kazakhstan Industry had raw-material orientation. There were no enterprises for processing of oil, gas, metals; machine building, machine tools, instrumentation, automotive.

21. The Kazakh steppe in the First World War. Decree of June 25, 1916

World War I began on July 28, 1914 with attack of Austro-Hungary on Serbia. Two military alliances Triple (Germany, Austro-Hungary, Turkey) and the Entente (Антанта) (Russia, France, The UK) were at war. The Entente included Tsarist Russia. War increased value of raw colonies including Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan was a source of raw materials. In large numbers took out livestock production. Also on June 25, 1916, the decree of Nikolas II about “requisition of foreigners” to the rear works was released. All non-Russian male population aged 18 - 43 years old should have been "requisitioned" to work on the creation defensive structures in the area of the army and to the rear work. From Turkestan and Steppe region should be 400 thousand man should have been mobilized. It was a direct occasion to revolt of the Kazakhs and other Central Asian peoples against Russian colonialism