1. Policy of liquidation of illiteracy in 20 years ("Red yurts"), its reasons and results.

Likbez was a campaign of eradication of illiteracy in Soviet Russia and Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s. The likbez campaign was most effective for people between the ages of 9 and 35. For anyone over 35, the Bolsheviks believed they were utterly unreachable.

Reasons: In accordance with the Sovnarkom decree of December 26, 1919, signed by its head Vladimir Lenin, the new policy of likbez ("liquidation of illiteracy"), was introduced. The new system of education was established for children. Millions of illiterate adult people all over the country, including residents of small towns and villages, were enrolled in special literacy schools. Komsomol members and Young Pioneer detachments played an important role in the education of illiterate people in villages.

Results: In 1926, the literacy rate was 56.6 percent of the population. By 1937, the literacy rate was 86% for men and 65% for women, making a total literacy rate of 75%.

2. Kazakhstan during the civil war in 1918-1920 and establishment of the Soviet power in Kazakhstan.

The Civil War began in October 1917 and ended with the defeat of the White Army in the Far East in the autumn of 1922. During this time, on the territory of Russia the various social classes and groups, armed methods solve the contradictions arising between them.

The main reasons for the outbreak of civil war are:

Inconsistency goals of social transformation and methods of achieving them;

Failure to create a coalition government;

Acceleration of the Constituent Assembly;

Nationalization of land and industry;

The liquidation of commodity-money relations;

The establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat;

Creating a one-party system;

On the whole territory of Russia was established power of the Bolsheviks, as well as in most of the national regions. More than 8 million people were killed or died of disease and starvation. More than 2.5 million people have emigrated from the country. The state and society in a state of economic decline, the whole social groups were actually destroyed

In Kazakhstan, the establishment of Soviet power spread over 4 months and continued to the end of October 1917 to March 1918. Peace by the Soviet power has been established in most areas of the Syrdarya, Akmola regions and Bukeyev Horde. In Turgay, Ural, Semipalatinsk and partly Semirechensk area Soviet power established by force of arms. In rural areas, the process of establishing the Soviet regime lasted until the outbreak of civil war.

3.The epoch of Enlightenment in Kazakhstan. The contribution of Choqan Walikhanov to the Kazakh culture.

“By the beginning of the 20 th century there were a large number of Kazakh intellectuals who had been educated in Muslim schools in the steppe where training had been limited to memorizing Koran ayats. At that time there were only several Russian and Russian Kazakh schools on Kazakhstan's territory, in which 19,370 Kazakh children were studying. Both groups believed that the improvement of the Kazakh economy was a necessary first step for any subsequent policy changes in the steppe.

Many biis and tribal elders sent their children to these schools for a few years to learn Russian. Many of these graduates of the state schools (the Russian-Kazakh aul and volost schools) then went on to gymnasiums in Orenburg, Omsk, or Semipalatinsk. These individuals formed a new secular elite.

Several of the individuals educated in these schools came to prominence within the steppe, and three in particular—Chokan Valikhanov (1835-1865), Ibrahim Altynsarin (Ibirai Altinsarin, 1841-1889), and Abai Kunanbaev (Abai Konanbai uli, 1845-1904)—have been elevated to the stature of national heroes.

Shoqan Shynghysuly Walikhanov (November 1835, Aman-Karagai district) , given name Muhammed Qanapiya was a Kazakh scholar, ethnographer, historian. He is regarded as the father of modern Kazakh historiography and ethnography.

His work combined military intelligence and geographic exploration. Walikhanov produced many articles and books devoted to the history and culture of Central Asia.

Such as: «Chinese Turkestan and Dzungaria», «The Russians in Central Asia» etc.

He was died April 10, 1865 in Almaty Province.