10. Answer the following questions

1. What does the words “engine” and “ingenious” mean from Latin?

2. What were the first mechanisms powered by?

3. Why did the word “engineer” originally mean “military engineer”?

4. When did mechanical engineering receive formal recognition?

5. What did the invention of the steam engine in the latter part of the 18th century provide?

6. Why do mechanical engineers continue to develop and apply new knowledge and technology?

11. Make a plan of the text

12. Translate the part of the text in italics in a written form

13. Retell the text according to your plan

Text c. What is engineering

Glossary

artificial [‚a:tiʹfi∫(ə)l] adj - штучний

broad [brƆ:d] adj - широкий

create [kriʹeit] v - створювати

creativity [‚kri:eiʹtiviti] n - творчість

definition [‚defiʹni∫(ə)n] n - визначення

poll [pol] n - опитування громадської думки

stealth [stelθ] adj - прихований

14. Listen to the text “What is engineering” and define if the statements are true or false

1. Everything in society is linked to engineering.

2. “Engineering is the application of math and science to create something of value from artificial resources”.

3. Engineering creativity is directed at things.

4. Most people have not studied or even been introduced to engineering.

5. Engineering as a group are not probably the most creative people.

15. Listen to the text once more and give the answers to the questions

1. Why has engineering been called the “invisible profession” or the “stealth profession”?

2. Engineering is creating the artificial, isn’t it?

3. Why are engineers often incorrectly identified as scientists?

4. What are specific types of engineers?

5. What is engineering creativity directed at?

Unit 10 Text a. Engineering materials

1. Read and translate the text using the glossary

As you know, materials are one of the seven resources for production systems. Since early times, humans have used materials to make things. In fact, major periods in history have been named after the most important material of that time.

During the Stone Age, which began about one million B.C., stones were used to make tools and weapons. Then metals became important during the Bronze Age. Bronze is created by combining two metals: copper and tin. Then Iron took the place of Bronze. Today iron is still important in the making of steel.

What material do you think our own time period could be named for? Some people suggest the Silicon Age. Silicon is used to make computer chips.

Everything in our world is made from some 125 elements. In their pure form, these elements are not particularly useful materials. Gold and some other elements are used in their elemental form, but, in general, elements are used in some combined form to make various solids, liquids, and gases. These more usable forms of our elements can be classified into organic substances and inorganic substances.

Organic substances contain the element carbon (and usually hydrogen) as a key part of their structure. All living animals and plants are organic. Petroleum products are organic materials and, as we all know, crude oil, the raw material for petroleum products, is the residue of plants and living things that existed many years ago. Inorganic materials are those substances not derived from living things. Sand, rock, water, and the like are inorganic materials.

The engineering materials are organic and inorganic solids that have used in fabrication of tools, structures, and durable goods.

Glossary

аcid [ʹæsid] n кислота

argon [ʹa:gƆn] n - аргон helium [ʹhi:ljәm] n - гелій

B.C. (= Before Christ) - до нової ери

carbon [ʹka:bən] n - вуглець

cement [siment] n - цемент

ceramic [siʹræmik] adj - керамічний

chlorine [ʹklƆ:ri:n] n - хлор

computer chip [t∫ip] n - комп’ютерна мікросхема

copper [ʹkopə] n - мідь

dioxide [daiʹƆksaid] n - двоокис

durable [ʹdju(ə)rəbl] adj - міцний

durable goods – товари тривалого користування

engineering materials – конструкційні (машинобудівельні, технічні) матеріали

fuel [ʹfjuəl] n - паливо

gas [gæs] n - газ

hydrogen [ʹhaidrədʒ(ə)n] n - водень

iron [ʹaiən] n - залізо

liquid [ʹlikwid] adj - рідкий

petroleum [piʹtrəulijəm] n - нафта

pure [pjuə] adj - чистий

residue [ʹrezidju]n - залишок

resin [ʹreizin] n - смола

silicon [ʹsilikən] n – силіцій, органічний кремній

solid [ʹsolid] adj - твердий, нерозплавлений; n - порода

steel [sti:l] n сталь

structure [ʹstrʌ∫ə] - конструкція

substance [ʹsʌbstəns] n - субстанція

the Bronze [bronz] Age n - бронзовий вік

the Silicon [ʹsilikən] Age - силіконовий (кремнієвий) вік

the Stone [stəun] Age n - кам’яний вік

tin [tin]n - олово

weapon [ʹwepən] n - зброя