Types of consumers

Customers are people who buy the products and services of producers. They may buy for themselves or on behalf of the organization they work for.

Everyone is a consumer. It does not matter how old a person is. We are consumers from the day we are born until the day we die. It does not matter if the individual is rich or poor, male or female, black or white. We are all consumers.

In some ways, all consumers are alike. We buy to satisfy our wants. We all need food, clothing, and shelter. In other ways, consumers are all different. Remember, each consumer is an individual, and individuals are not all the same. What we buy and how much we buy depend upon many factors. Of course the more money we have, the more we can afford to buy. Many of a woman’s needs are different from a man’s, so she will spend for different things. A child does not buy an automobile, and an adult does not buy a child’s toy for his own use. Members of a certain religious groups do not buy pork products. People living in warm climates do not need to buy heavy woolen clothing.

Although we are all different individuals and therefore do not spend in exactly the same way, we can see some general patterns of spending if we examine different each groups.

Variant 4

I. Перепишите предложения, выпишите глагол-сказуемое, укажите его временную форму, лицо и число. Переведите предложение письменно.

1. I wondered what they were laughing at.

2. I have already watched this film.

3. Everything will become clear as soon as he receives our letter

II. Перепишите предложения, выпишите глагол-сказуемое, укажите залог и временную форму, напишите инфинитив сказуемого. Переведите предложения письменно.

1. These questions are included in the test.

2. Passengers will be offered dinner during the flight.

3. They knew that she had been taught English by a native speaker.

4. Milk is used for making butter and cheese.

III. Перепишите предложения, переведите письменно, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. May he take his examination in English before the 1^st of June?

2. The teacher said we must do it at once.

3. You should tell me the truth.

IV. Выпишите из предложения инфинитив, причастие, герундий и укажите, чем они являются в предложении (подлежащее, составная часть сказуемого, определение, дополнение, обстоятельство). Переведите предложения письменно.

1. He improved his article by changing the end.

2. We have no intention to order these goods.

3. A broken cup was lying on the table.

V. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

Democracy

Over the centuries, people have organized their governments in many different ways. A true democratic government has some characteristics that distinguish it from other forms of government. Abraham Lincoln described democracy as “government of the people, by the people, and for the people”.

All genuine democracies have free and open elections. Free elections give people the chance to choose their leaders and to voice their opinions on various issues. Free elections also help ensure that public officials pay attention to the wishes of the people. Representative democracy means that laws enacted in the legislatures represent the will of the majority of lawmakers. Because these lawmakers are elected by the people, the laws are accepted by the people.

Democracy requires that all people be as free as possible to develop their own capabilities. But, of course, no individual can be completely free to do anything he or she wants. That would result in chaos. Rather, it means that all people should have an equal opportunity to develop their talents, to the fullest extent possible. Government in a democracy works to promote that kind of equality.

Political parties are another important element of democratic government. A political party is a group of individuals with broad common interests who organize to win elections, and determine public policy.

Democracy seems to have a better chance in countries that do not have extremes of wealth and poverty and that have a large middle class. People who are out of work or unable to feed their families often become more concerned about security than about voting.