Germanic Gods

Germanic religion, like most ancient religions, was polytheistic. In early times there were two groups of gods—the Aesir and the Vanir. However, after a war between the rival pantheons (which perhaps reflects a war between two rival tribes), the defeated Vanir were absorbed into the Aesir, and the gods of both were worshiped in a single pantheon. This pantheon, which according to some accounts consisted of 12 principal deities, had Woden (Odin) as its chief god. Other important deities were Tiw (Tyr), Thor (Donar), Balder, Frey, Freia, and Frigg. The gods dwelled in Asgard, where each deity had his or her own particular abode. The most beautiful of the palaces was Valhalla; there Woden, attended by theValkyries, gave banquets to the dead heroes. The ancient Nordic gods, however, unlike the gods of most religions, were not immortal. They continually renewed their youth by eating the apples of Idun, but they were doomed, like mortals, to eventual extinction.

The gods were opposed by the giants and demons, representing the destructive and irrational forces of the universe. It was prophesied that at ragnarock, the doom of the gods, the forces of evil and darkness led by Loki and his brood of monsters, would attack the gods of Asgard. After a ferocious battle, in which most of the gods and giants would be destroyed, the universe would end in a blaze of fire. However, it was also prophesied that from the ashes of the old world a new cosmos would emerge and a new generation of gods and humans would dwell in harmony.

Scandinavian Gods

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1. Odin – the Mighty God, patron sacred of secret knowledge and wisdom;

2. Loki – not used to be a God, but was welcomed to; patron of fire;

3. Skadi – a gigantic woman, symbol of wild and unbalanced nature; patron of storm and hard frost;

4. Thor – The God of War; the favorite God of the Vikings;

5. Freiya – The Goddess of Hearth, Fertility and Prosperity;

6. Niyord – The God of Kindness and Wealth.

Task VIII. Read the above information and try to compare the Scandinavian Gods with Greek and Roman ones. Find the equivalents in Greek and Roman mythology. Use Block VII. Mythological Items to fulfill the task properly.

Days of the Week Certain days of the week are named after early Saxon and Scandinavian Gods.

Monandæg ( Moon's day - the day of the moon ), Tiwesdæg ( Tiw's-day - the day of the Scandinavian sky god Tiw,Tiu or Tig), Wodnesdæg ( Woden's day - the day of the god Woden (Othin) ), Ðunresdæg ( Thor's Day - the day of the god Ðunor or Thunor ), Frigedæg ( Freyja's day - the day of the goddess Freyja or Frigg, wife to Woden), Sæternesdæg ( Saturn's day - the day of the Roman god Saturn, whose festival "Saturnalia," with its exchange of gifts, has been incorporated into our celebration of Christmas.), Sunnandæg ( Sun's day - the day of the sun ).

Task IX. Above you can see the days of the week origin. Find the definite information about 12 months of the year and share it with your group. Make it as a PR action. Use no more that 25-30 sentences. Try to play with your mates by asking them to settle a puzzle. For example:

“Well, now, to illustrate the next month I would like to introduce some pictures of three famous emperors of the Great Roman Empire: Claudius, August and Caesar. The next month was given its name after one of these outstanding personalities.”

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c) Norman borrowings. The Norman period covers the years from 1066 to 1485. William the Conqueror, the Norman duke, brought with his army a huge bulk of lexis, which left a prominent step in the history of etymology of the English language. French words in their vast quality denoted brightly the status, way of life, activities and interests that Norman people possessed: accioun (eng. action), agreeable (eng. agreeable), beautee (eng, beauty), carpentier (eng. carpenter). Simultaneously English absorbed a huge number of French words, which considered to be more delicate and gentle, more polite in comparison with Anglo-Saxon ones. In that very period there appeared a language gap between noble people and peasants who couldn’t speak proper Norman. That is why nowadays we have so called etymological duplets, words that are doubled in the language

Task X. Here is a table with etymological duplets. Make it complete.

Английское слово	Французское слово	Перевод
cow	beef	Корова/говядина
calf	veal	Теленок/телятина
sheep	mutton	Овца/баранина
swine	pork	Свинья/свинина
belly	stomach	живот, желудок
chance	cadence	шанс, случай/ каденция,
count	compute	считать/вычислять
frail	fragile	хрупкий
garner	granary	хлебный амбар
poor	pauper	бедный/нищий
ray	radius	луч/радиус
sever	separate	разделять
strait	strict	строгий, точный
sure	secure	уверенный/безопасный

Task XI. Here is a list of French suffixes and words built with their help. Continue the list with no less than six words:

• ance – arrogance, endurance, hindrance… ignorance, assistance, resemblance, forbearance, elegance, vigilance, importance

• ence – intelligence, expedience…presence, coincidence, preference, independence, silence, coherence

• ment – appointment, development, experiment… endordement, treatment, enjoyment, management, department, supplement

• age – courage, marriage, passage… baggage, cottage, coverage, storage, voyage, image

• ess – tigress, lioness, actress… access, happiness, address, darkness, busyness, impress

• ous – curios, dangerous, joyous… marvelous, hilarious, anxious, serious, enormous, famous

en – enable, endear, enact, enfold… encase, enorganic, enlink, enrapture, enslave

Task XII. Down you will see some explanations and still down words given to denote them. Identify a word or a combination of words using the necessary explanations.

Rendezvous - Place appointed for meeting

Fiancée - A bride

Fiancé - A groom

Denim - A type of clothes

A la carte - If you want to order some meal, and to eat B (board)

Etiquette - Rules of social behavior

Hors d´oeuvre - Extra dish served as a starter for a meal

Nouveau riche - The recently wealthy

Idée fixe – Obsession

Eau de toilette - A weak perfume

Camouflage – Disguise

Haute couture - High class

Carte blanche - Free hand, the ability to do whatever you want

Task XIII. Fill in the gaps with necessary French borrowings:

Tệte–ậ-tệte Nouveau riche

Blasé Cul – de sac

Bon voyage Grand prix

Rendezvous Hors d'oeuvre

Chic Carte blanche

Encore Coup Façade

Debut C'est la vie

Gourmet Bloc

Entourage Detente

Avant garde

1. This Cul – de sac is a nice place, but too quite and obscure. It would be so dull, as well as dangerous to live here;

2. I would like to start with a nice strong cup of tea, and to follow some Hors d'oeuvre to make my appetite harder;

3. The whole company decided that I could do everything, so they intrusted all the necessary information and papers to me, as well as gave me Carte blanche in making important decisions. Oh, I am nervous;

4. ABBA won Grand prix in Eurovision song contest once and since than forever;

5. I wish you Bon voyage on that long beautiful ship. Oh, how I envy your trip!

6. She always is very attractive, choosing only expensive clothes, eating in expensive restaurants, communicating with celebrities! Yes, she is Chic!

7. He offered a nice evening Tệte–ậ-tệte to discuss our future plans and I couldn’t help but coming up there;

8. I am awfully Blasé about all that mass that circulates around him after he won that completions! There are always too many reporters and journalists around our family. I am tired;

9. This restaurant is a favorite Rendezvous for writers and artists.

10. Molly Brown was the only woman on Titanic she was Nouveau riche (a person with money, but without status). People didn’t love her;

11. If we take Thomas out to dinner, we must choose a restaurant. He is a Gourmet

12. It is a successful Debut ! Bravo! Now the price is our!

13. Film stars don’t usually travel alone. They are normally surrounded by a large Entourage of agents, secretaries and the other helpers

14. The audience liked her songs so much that at the end they shouted, “Encore”, and she obliged by singing one more song

15. When she got married with a simple guy her family was furious, and only her granny calmed everybody down by saying: “C'est la vie”

16. The term “Easter… countries” referred to the Soviet Union and the other socialist states of Eastern Europe

17. His pictures are so Avant garde that it is very difficult to find a proper customer. Sometimes he sits without money for weeks;

18. She made her Coup Façade as an actress in a film at the age of 8

19. The Bloc of that old building remained the same, while interior was renovated and remodeled brand new;

20. At the moment there is a Detente between the two countries. Relations are much easier.

Some more French words that were borrowed and assimilated in English:

Французское заимствование	Перевод
reign	царствовать
government	правительство
crown	корона
state	государство
duke	герцог
peer	пэр
prince	князь
marquis	маркиз
viscount	виконт
baron	барон
army	армия
peace	мир
battle	битва
soldier	солдат
general	генерал
captain	капитан
lieutenant	лейтенант
sergeant	сержант
bullet	пуля
bayonet	штык
march	марш
enemy	неприятель
county	графство
city	крупный город
village	деревня
palace	дворец
mansion	имение
residence	резиденция
domicile	постоянное местожительство
fatigue	усталый
retinue	сдержанный
miserable	несчастный
tender	нежный
humble	скромный, смиренный
judge	судья
justice	правосудие, справедливость
court	суд
crime	преступление
service	служба (церковная)
parish	приход
lesson	урок
library	библиотека
dinner	обед
supper	ужин
table	стол
chair	стул
plate	тарелка
napkin	салфетка
saucer	блюдце
machine	машина
engine	мотор
fair	ярмарка
market	рынок
coquette	кокетка
party	партия
apartment	квартира
décolleté	декольтированный
costume	костюм
gourmet	гурман
billet-doux	любовное письмо
protégé	протеже
misalliance	неравный брак, мезальянс
roulette	рулетка, ролик, колёсико
femme	женщина

William the Conqueror Tower of London The Round Tower

Task XIV.

• Watch the movie “Brave Heart” (the USA, 1995);

• Watch the movie “The First Knight” (the USA, 1995);

• Watch the movie “The Vikings” (the USA, 1958);

• Watch the movie “Rome” (the USA, 1962).

Task XV. You are to manage a Round Table Talk on watching one of the films mentioned above. Down page you will see the list of cards for discussion according to “Brave Heart” film. The rest may be organized in the same way.

Card 1.

Your task: The advantages and disadvantages of the script (is it true to real facts, whether there are too many battle scenes, too much blood or v.v. too much love etc.)

Card 2.

Your task: The cast (if you were a director, whom would you invite?)

Card 3.

Your task: Sophie Marceau (was she worth inviting)

Card 4.

Your task: Mel Gibson as an actor. Is he OK in directing?)

Card 5.

Your task: The triangle of Long Shanks – the king of England, his son and the princess (who was the winner at last, who fell, who was cheated?)

Card 6.

Your task: The Scotch. Their appearance, behavior, life conditions, customs etc. Are they coincide you imagine them to be?

Card 7.

Your task: The Camera Work. Was it worth Oscar?

Card 8.

Your task: The first and the second love of William Wallase

Card 9.

Your task: If the movie ended happily, your attitude would change?

Card 10.

Your task: The final episode. The injustice or reality? Describe your feelings.

Card 11.

Your task: Personal sacrifice in the name of love or in the name of country.

Card 12.

Your task: The “first night” restrictions. The scene of Wallace′ s friend wedding. Describe the faces.

Card 13.

Your task: The “first battle” episode. Did it come up to your expectations?

Card 14.

Your task: The “Killing the murder of Wallace′ s first wife” episode. What was the purpose: the revenge or war beginning?

Card 15.

Your task: You are the Round Table Speaker. Think of no less than 20 notions to the audience. Be ready to lead the table. Be ready to fulfill the pauses. Be ready to prepare the introductory and final short speeches. Your work would be given a definite plus, if you succeed (A certain advice for you: try not to utter your replicas by heart. Prepare the folder with all the necessary words in written form. It will be easier for you to lead the round table and the form of your conference will be better)

Card 16.

Your task: William′ s childhood. What are your ideas of children casting in the film?

Card 17.

Your task: Was it worth attacking England knowing beforehand that the victory is a myth?

Card 18.

Your task: Patrick McGoohan as “Red”, William′ s best friend. Do you think him to be a real Scotch? His appearance! Ignorance, naivety, devotedness, sincerity, power – these qualities correspond the hero?