(Прошедшее Завершенное)

1. Действие было завершено до определенного момента в прошлом:

I had written a letter by two o'clock.

2. Одно действие было завершено перед другим действием в прошлом:

She had already left when I came.

I didn't know what I should write. I had never written letters before.

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home.

When we got home last night, we found that somebody hab broken into the flat.

Сравните Past Perfect и Past Simple:

 

Was Mary ready to go to the cinema when you came to her?

Yes, she had been ready by the moment.

Jack wasn't in when I phoned him. He was in his office.

Jack had just got home when I phoned him. He had been in his office.

Ex. 32. Read the situations and write sentences in Past Perfect using the words in brackets

► I arrived at the party at 9 p.m. but Jane was already there. (she / arrive / before / me). - She had arrived before me.

1. I invited Jeff to come for lunch but he wasn't hungry. (he / already / eat / lunch).

2. Jane was late for her exam. All the other students were already there. (they / start / the exam).

3. Mike got home after midnight. The house was quiet. (everybody / go / to bed).

4. I rang Fred but he wasn't at home. (he / already / leave / for work).

Ex. 33. Complete the sentences using Past Simple or Past Perfect

1. When the teacher came in, everybody (to stand up).

2. I arrived two hours late because my car (to break down).

3. I was really tired last night. I (to have) a hard day.

4. Sam felt ill, so he (to go) to bed.

5. When we (to write) the letter, we went to the post office.

Ex.34. Past Simple or Past Perfect

1. When I (to come) home, my mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father to return from home, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 7. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (no to do) her homework. 8. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 9. Tom (to return) from the cinema at 5 o’clock. 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema by 5 o’clock. 11. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 12. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 13. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 14. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer. 15. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

Ex. 35. Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect

1. By eight o’clock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at eight I (to play) the piano. 2. By six o’clock father (to come) home and at six he (to have) dinner. 3. By nine yesterday grandmother (to wash) the dishes and at nine she (to watch) TV. 4. When I (to meet) Tom, he (to eat) an ice-cream which he (to buy) at the corner of the street. 5. When I (to come) home, my sister (to read) a book which she (to bring) from the library. 6. When mother (to come) home, the children (to eat) the soup which she (to cook) in the morning. 7. When I (to ring) up Mike, he still (to learn) the poem which he (to begin) learning at school. 8. When I (to look) out of the window, the children (to play) with the ball which Pete (to bring) from home. 9. By ten o’clock the children (to settle) comfortably on the sofa and at ten they (to watch) a TV film. 10. When father (to come) home, we (to cook) the mushrooms which we (to gather) in the wood. 11. When I (to come) home yesterday, I (to see) that my little brother (to break) my pen and (to play) with its pieces. 12. When I (to open) the door of the classroom, I (to see) that the teacher already (to come) and the pupils (to write) a dictation.

Passive Voice (Present and Past Tenses)

Present Simple

Aктив: show(s)/clean(s) и т.д.	Somebody shows us new films every day.
Пассив: am/is/are shown/cleaned и т.д.	We are shown new films every day. Houses are built very quickly in this country. I’m invited to the concert. How is this word translated?
Past Simple

Aктив: showed/cleaned и т.д.	Somebody showed us new film yesterday.
Пассив: was/were shown/cleaned и т.д.	We were shown new film yesterday. The car was given to her sister. When were these books published?
Present Continuous

Aктив: am/is/are showing/cleaning	Somebody is showing us a new film at the moment.
Пассив: am/is/are being shown/cleaned и т.д.	We are being shown a new film at the moment. The carpet is being cleaned now. Excuse the mess: the house is being repaired.
Past Continuous

Aктив: was/were showing/cleaning	Somebody was showing us a new film when he entered.
Пассив: was/were being shown/cleaned и т.д.	We were being shown a new film when he entered. I felt as if we were being followed.
Present Perfect

Aктив: have/has shown/cleaned	Somebody has just shown us a new film.
Пассив: have/has been shown/cleaned и т.д.	We have just been shown a new film. Have you been told the news? I have never been bitten by a dog.

 

Past Perfect

Aктив: had shown/cleaned и т.д.	Somebody had shown us a new film before he came.
Пассив: had been shown/cleaned и т.д.	We had been shown a new film before he came. Jim didn't know why he had been closen.

Время	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect continuous
Present	Am Is built Are строят (вообще)	Am Is being built Are строят (сейчас)	Have been built Has (уже) построили	Вместо отсутствующих форм Perfect Continuous употребляются формы Perfect
Past	Was built Were построили (вчера, когда-то)	Was being bult Were строили (в тот момент)	Had been built построили (к тому моменту, уже)
Future	Will be built построят (в будущем)	Вместо отсутствующей формы Future Continuous употребляется форма Future Simple	Will have been built построят (к тому моменту в будущем)

Ex. 1. Present Simple

Example: The chef makes butter from flour, eggs and milk.

Butter is made from flour, eggs and milk.

1. We make French dressing from oil and vinegar.

2. The restaurant serves lunch from 12 to 3.

3. The barman makes dry martinis from gin and vermouth.

4. The wine waiter opens the wine at the table.

5. The chef makes sauce from flour, milk, butter and cheese.

6. The waiters bring the dishes from the kitchen on trays.

7. Arabic (to write) from right to left.

8. Those programmes (to watch) by millions of people every week.

9. Stamps (to sell) in most newsagents in Britain.

10. The police say that nothing (to know) about the child's family.

11. In English, “ought” (to pronounce) in a lot of different ways.

Ex. 2. Make Present Simple negatives and questions

► Jaguar cars are not made in America (not make).

Where are they made? - In the UK.

1. My name (not spell) with a Y.

How it (to write)? - L, E, S, L, I, E.

2. That kind of bird (not usually see) around here.

Where (to see). - In warmer countries.

3. “Where” (not pronounce) like “were”.

How it (to write)? - Like “wear”.

4. Diamonds (not find) in Scotland.

Where they (to find). - In South Africa, for example.

Ex. 3. Present Simple or Past Simple

1. They (to arrive) at the hotel yesterday.

2. She (to book) the table by phone.

3. The chef (to cook) a wonderful meal.

4. The butter (to melt) in the hot pan.

5. We (to finish) our first course ten minutes ago.

6. He (to thank) us for a nice evening.

7. It (to rain) hard last night.

8. They (to open) the restaurant two weeks ago.

Ex. 4. Past Simple

1. Our passports (to take) by a tall woman in a uniform.

2. These books (to leave) in the classroom yesterday.

3. I don't think this room (to clean) yesterday.

4. We (to meet) at the airport by a driver from the university.

5. Nobody (to tell) what was happening.

Ex. 5. Make Past Simple negatives and questions

► We weren’t paid when we finished the work (not pay).

When were you paid? - Two months later.

1. My father (not educate) in England.

Where he (to educate). - In Germany.

2. The letters (not post) on Tuesday.

When they (to post). - On Thursday.

3. This (to cook) in butter.

How this (to cook). - In margarine.

4. My suit (to make) in England.

Where it (to make)? - In Hong Kong.

5. The restaurant bill (not pay) in cash.

How it (to pay)? - With a credit card.

Irregular verbs

Present Simple	Past Simple	Past Perfect	Translation
be	was/ were	been	быть
become	became	become	становиться
begin	began	begun	начинать
bet	bet	bet	держать пари
bite	bit	bitten	кусать
break	broke	broken	ломать
bring	brought	brought	приносить
build	built	built	строить
buy	bought	bought	покупать
catch	caught	caught	ловить
choose	chose	chosen	выбирать
come	came	come	приходить
cost	cost	cost	стоить
cut	cut	cut	резать
do	did	done	делать
drink	drank	drunk	пить
drive	drove	driven	ехать
eat	ate	eaten	есть
fall	fell	fallen	падать
feed	fed	fed	кормить
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
find	found	found	находить
fly	flew	flown	летать
forget	forgot	forgotten	забывать
get	got	got	получать
give	gave	given	давать
go	went	gone	идти, уходить
hang	hung	hung	висеть, вешать
have	had	had	иметь
hear	heard	heard	слышать
hold	held	held	держать
hurt	hurt	hurt	причинять вред, боль
keep	kept	kept	хранить
know	knew	known	знать
lay	laid	laid	класть
leave	left	left	оставлять
let	let	let	позволять
lie	lay	lain	лежать
lose	lost	lost	терять
make	made	made	делать
mean	meant	meant	значить, подразумевать
meet	met	met	встречать
pay	paid	paid	платить
put	put	put	класть, ставить
read	read	read	читать
ring	rang	rung	звонить
run	ran	run	бегать
say	said	said	сказать
see	saw	seen	видеть
seek	sought	sought	искать
shoot	shot	shot	стрелять
show	showed	shown	показывать
shut	shut	shut	закрывать
sing	sang	sung	петь
sit	sat	sat	сидеть
sleep	slept	slept	спать
speak	spoke	spoken	говорить
spend	spent	spent	тратить
stand	stood	stood	стоять
steal	stole	stolen	красть
swim	swam	swum	плавать
take	took	taken	брать
teach	taught	taught	учить
tell	told	told	рассказывать
think	thought	thought	думать
understand	understood	understood	понимать
wake	woke	woken	просыпаться, будить
wear	wore	worn	носить (об одежде)
win	won	won	выигрывать

write

wrote

written

писать