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институт международных связей |
Grammar in Use
for the 2nd year students
учебно-методическое пособие
Екатеринбург 2002
Рекомендовано к печати
кафедрой английского языка ИМС
Составитель: Сабуров М.П.
This book for intermediate and more advanced students combines reference grammar and practice exercise in a single volume. The book is intended mainly for intermediate 2nd-year students of Linguistics who have already studied the basic grammar of English. It is written mainly as a book, which might be used in class with a teacher and it revises some of the more difficult points of grammar that students have already studied, but will also introduce to many more features of English grammar appropriate to an advanced level of study.
There are 30 units in the book, each one looks at a particular area of grammar. Some sections within each unit focus on the use of a grammatical pattern. Others explore grammatical contrasts. The units are grouped under a number of headings and there are exercises on each point.
The units are organised in grammatical categories and the book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later revision work. It might be used by the whole class or by individual students needing extra help.
The explanations and examples are written for the students to use individually but they may of course be used by the teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively, individual students can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular difficulties not shared by other students in their class. The book can be used simply as a reference book without doing the exercises.
© ИМС, 2002
© Сабуров М.П., 2002
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: PARTS OF SPEECH. THE VERB 6
Unit 1
Parts of Speech 6
The Verb 6
Finite Forms of the Verb 8
Tense, Aspect and Phase 8
Unit 2
Present Simple (Present Indefinite) 11
Present Continuous 12
Present Simple (Present Indefinite) and Present Continuous 13
EXERCISES 16
Unit 3
Present Perfect 21
EXERCISES 24
Unit 4
Present Perfect Continuous 26
EXERCISES 27
Unit 5
Past Simple (Indefinite) 30
Past Continuous 31
EXERCISES 33
Unit 6
Past Perfect 40
Past Perfect Continuous 44
EXERCISES 46
Unit 7
Future Simple (Future Indefinite) 52
Future Continuous 52
Future Perfect 53
Future Perfect Continuous 53
Different Means of Expressing Future Actions Compared 53
EXERCISES 55
Unit 8
Means of Expressing Future Actions Viewed from the Past 57
Rules of the Sequence of Tenses 58
EXERCISES 59
Unit 9
Voice 65
Active Voice 65
Passive Voice 65
Types of Passive Constructions 65
EXERCISES 66
CHAPTER II: MODAL VERBS 71
Unit 10
Mood 71
Modal Verbs 71
can/could 72
EXERCISES 73
Unit 11
may/might 77
can and may compared 78
must 78
must and may compared 79
EXERCISES 79
Unit 12
have to 88
be to 88
must, have to and be to compared 89
EXERCISES 90
Unit 13
ought to 93
shall 93
should 94
must, ought to and should compared 95
EXERCISES 95
Unit 14
should, ought to, was/were to + Perfect Infinitive compared 100
will and would 100
need 102
dare 102
shouldn’t, oughtn't to, needn't + Perfect Infinitive compared 103
Expressions of Absence of Necessity 103
EXERCISES 103
CHAPTER III: FORMS EXPRESSING UNREALITY 109
Unit 15
Forms Expressing Unreality 109
Unreality in Object Clauses 111
EXERCISES 112
Unit 16
wish-clauses 114
Other Types of Object Clauses 115
Unreality in Appositive and Predicative Clauses 116
Unreality in Adverbial Clauses of Purpose 116
Unreality in Adverbial Clauses of Comparison 117
EXERCISES 118
Unit 17
Complex Sentences with a Subordinate Clause of Condition 123
Complex Sentences with Adverbial Clauses of Concession 125
Unreality in Exclamatory Sentences 125
EXERCISES 125
Unit 18
Free Use of Unreality 130
Traditional Use of Unreality 131
Tense Forms Expressing Unreality 131
EXERCISES 132
CHAPTER IV: VERBALS (NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB) 137
Unit 19
Infinitive and ing-form 137
General System of Verbal Functions 139
Participle 141
Unit 20 Verbals as Subject
Infinitive as Subject 143
ing-form as Subject 143
Infinitive and ing-form as Subject Compared 144
EXERCISES 144
Unit 21 Verbals as Predicative
Infinitive as Predicative 145
ing-form as Predicative 145
Infinitive and ing-form as Predicative Compared 145
EXERCISES 146
Unit 22 Verbals as Predicate
Infinitive as Predicate 147
ing-form as Predicate 147
Unit 23 Verbals as Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate
Infinitive as Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate 148
ing-form as Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate 148
Participle as Part of a Compound Verbal Predicate 148
EXERCISES 149
Unit 24 Verbals as a Second Action Accompanying the Action
of the Predicate Verb
Infinitive as a Second Action 151
ing-form as a Second Action 151
Participle as a Second Action 152
EXERCISES 152
Unit 25 Verbals as Object
Infinitive as Object 155
ing-form as Object 156
Infinitive and ing-form as Object Compared 158
EXERCISES 159
Unit 26 Verbals as Subjective Predicative (Complex Subject)
Infinitive and ing-form as Subjective Predicative (Complex Subject) 169
Participle as Subjective Predicative (Complex Subject) 170
EXERCISES 170
Unit 27 Verbals as Objective Predicative (Complex Object)
Infinitive and ing-form as Objective Predicative (Complex Object) 173
Participle as Objective Predicative (Complex Object) 175
EXERCISES 175
Unit 28 Verbals as Adverbial Modifier
Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier 181
ing-form as Adverbial Modifier 183
Participle as Adverbial Modifier 184
EXERCISES 184
Unit 29 Verbals as Attribute
Infinitive as Attribute 187
Ing-form as Attribute 188
Infinitive and ing-form as Attribute Compared 189
Infinitive and ing-form as Attribute in Sentences with it 189
Participle as Attribute 189
EXERCISES 190
Unit 30 Verbals as Parenthesis
Infinitive as Parenthesis 199
ing-form as Parenthesis 199
Infinitive and ing-form as Parenthesis Compared 199
EXERCISES 200
REFERENCES 204
CHAPTER I
PARTS OF SPEECH. THE VERB
UNIT 1
Parts of Speech
Indo-European Family of Languages |
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Indian |
Iranian |
Armenian |
Germanic |
Celtic |
Balto-Slavic |
Italic |
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ENGLISH |
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RUSSIAN |
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English and Russian have much in common but still differ in grammar. The words of every language fall into classes, which are called parts of speech. Parts of speech differ from each other in meaning, form and function.
Parts of speech have different lexical meanings. Nouns name objects; adjectives express characteristics; verbs denote process, state or attitude towards another action, etc. Some parts of speech have different grammatical categories; other parts of speech are invariable - they have only one form.
Parts of speech also differ from each other in their syntactic functions (function in the sentence). All words may be divided into two main groups: notional and structural. Notional words have lexical meanings, structural words differ from notional words semantically: their lexical meaning is of general character (in, and, even) and they express relations between words in a sentence.
notional parts of speech |
functional parts of speech |
The Adjective |
The Conjunction |
The Adverb |
The Particle |
The Interjection |
The Preposition |
The Noun |
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The Numeral |
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The Pronoun |
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The Verb |
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The article is a determiner of the noun