Глагол to be

	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite
Affirmative	I am You are He is She is It is We are They are	I was You were He was She was It was We were They were	I shall be You will be He will be She will be It will be We shall be They will be
Negative	I am not You are not (aren't) He is not (isn't) She is not (isn't) It is not (isn't) We are not They are not	I was not You were not (weren't) He was not (wasn't) She was not (wasn't) It was not (wasn't) We were not They were not	I shall not (shan't) be You will not (won't) be He will not be She will not be It will not be We shall not be They will not be
Inerrogative	Am I? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are they?	Was I? Were you? Was he? Was she? Was it? Were we? Were they?	Shall I be? Will you be? Will he be? Will she be? Will it be? Shall we be? Will they be?

Основные случаи употребления глагола то be

Употребление	Примеры	Перевод
1. Смысловой глагол –"быть", "находиться" 2. Глагол - связка 3. Вспомогательный глагол а) для образования форм Continuous б) для образования времен страдательного залога 4. В качестве модального глагола (в сочетании с инфинитивом с частицей "to") выражает дол-женствование, необходи-мость договоренность.	Не is at home. We were at the lecture. She is an engineer. He is reading a newspaper now. The book was published last week. The letter has just been typed. I am to do the work at once. We were to meet in the evening.	Он дома. Мы были на лекции. Она инженер. Она читает сейчас газету. Книга опубликована в прошлом году. Письмо только что напечатано. Я должен сделать эту работу немедленно. Мы должны были встретиться вечером.

Self-correcting Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Petrov and Ivanov are at the conference in Moscow. 2. Are Petrov and Ivanov at the conference in Moscow? 3. Petrov and Ivanov are not at the conference in Moscow, they are in Kiev. 4. My aim is to master English. 5. Where is Bill? – He is working in the library. 6. The students were asked to help the collective farmers. 7. There are some interesting articles in this magazine. 8. The train is to arrive at 5. 9.I was to send him a letter, but I forgot.

Петров и Иванов на конференции в Москве. Петров и Иванов на конференции в Москве? Петров и Иванов не на конфренции в Москве, они в Киеве. Моя цель – освоить английский. Где Билл? – Он работает в библиотеке. Студентов попросили помочь колхозникам. В этом журнале естьнесколько интересных статей. Поезд должен прибыть в 5 часов. Мне нужно было послать ему письмо, но я забыл.

Exercise 2.

1. Transform the sentences into the Past Indefinite Tense.

Model: Our teacher is at the conference in Moscow. (last month)

Our teacher was at the conference in Moscow last month.

The students are in the reading hall, (before the lessons). I am glad to meet my friend, (yesterday). He is eighteen (in 1990). My friend is preparing to enter the University, (last year). 5.I am going to the Crimea, (when I met my old friend) Such problems are discussed at our meeting, (yesterday). The train is to arrive at 10. (but it was late)

The students were in the reading hall before the lessons. I was glad to meet my friend yesterday. He was eighteen in 1990. Last year my friend was preparing to enter the University. When I met my old friend I was going to the Crimea. Such problems were discussed at our meeting yesterday. The train was to arrive at 10 but it was late.

B. Transform the sentences into the Future Indefinite Tense.

Model: My parents are in Brest now. (in summer)

My parents will be in Brest in summer.

1. My friend is a doctor.(in 5 years). 2. They are in Moscow. (during winter vacation). 3. On Monday our first lesson is English. (next Monday). 4. She is working at the library now. (at 5 o'clock). 5. The book is translated into English. (soon). 6. The lesson is over (in 5 minutes).

My friend will be a doctor in 5 years. They will be in Moscow during winter vacation. Next Monday our first lesson will be English. She will be working at the library at 5 o'clock. Soon this book will be translated into English. The lesson will be over in 5 minutes.

Exercise 3. Make the sentences interrogative.

Model: The students are at the English lesson now.

Are the students at the English lesson now?

1. My father is an engineer. 2. Pete is waiting for you. 3. This book is translated by a group of our teachers. 4. I was to stay there till 5 o'clock. 5. Our students were in London last year. 6. The Belorussian State University was founded in 1921. 7. We shall be in Moscow in summer.

Is your father an engineer? Is Pete waiting for me? Is this book translated by a group of your teachers? Were you to stay there till 5 o'clock? Were your students in London last year? Was the Belorussian State University founded in 1921? Will you be in Moscow in summer?

Exercise 4. Ask questions according to the model.

Model: His family is in Brest. (Where?)

Where is his family?

My friend's dream is to enter the University. (What?) He is going to the cinema now. (Where?) I am to take my exams in June. (What?) He was preparing for the exams yesterday. (Who?) As he was ill he didn't go to the classes? (Why?) The lesson will be over in 5 minutes. (When?) 7.I shall be eighteen in a year. (How old?)

What is your friend's dream? Where is he going now? What are you to do in June? Who was preparing for the exams? Why didn't he go to the classes? When will the lesson be over? How old will you be in a year?

Self-training Exercises

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. Where is the students hostel? 2. Is it far from the Institute? 3. How old is your friend? 4. Is he a student? 5. Was the lesson interesting? 6. Is your group preparing for the winter session? 7. Are you reading or writing now? 8. Were the students of your group invited to the conference? 9. Are you to finish this work by Monday? 10. Were you to meet your friends at the station? 11. Were there any mistakes in your grammar test? 12. What is there on your desk? 13. Will there be any new guests at your birthday party?

Exercise 2. Make the sentences negative.

1. I shall be at home tonight. 2. My friend will be a lawyer in two years. 3. My parents are teachers at the University. 4. At two o'clock our family is having dinner. 5. The decision will be passed on Monday. 6. He is working in the library now. 7. They are to meet at 5. 8. There is a TV set in this room. 9. There were many new words in the dictation. 10. There will be a stadium near our school.

Exercise 3. Read and translate the sentences with the verb "to be".

1. Our work will be completed next week. 2. He is to deliver a lecture on International Law. 3. Hard work is a guarantee of success. 4. The students of group No 4 are having a seminar now. 5. The train was to come at 5, but it was late. 6. A foreign delegation was to visit the exhibition. 7. He is not at home now. 8. Which party is in power now in Great Britain? 9. My aim is to master two foreign languages. 10. The report was interesting.

Exercise 4. Translate into English.

1. Все студенты на лекции. 2. Мой друг  первокурсник. 3. Моя мечта - выучить английский язык. 4. Мой друг готовится поступать в университет. 5. Декан будет ждать тебя в два часа. 6. Эти книги переведены на различные языки мира. 7. Белорусский государственный университет был основан в 1921 г. 8. Мне нужно окончить работу к понедельнику. 9. Студентам нашей группы нужно подготовиться к конференции. 10. Делегация должна прибыть завтра вечером. 11. Наша задача  овладеть иностранным языком в течение года. 12. В вашем городе есть университет? 13. В этом районе будет кинотеатр, кафе и несколько школ в следующем году.

а столе много газет В ящике есть мел. В коридоре есть кто-нибудь?

В вашей контрольной нет ошибок.

В вашей контрольной не много ошибок. В прошлое воскресенье в университете был концерт. В следующее воскресенье будет концерт? Зимой не будет много экзаменов.

Имеется (есть) много информации. Существует мнение, что ...

Есть много проблем, требующих решения.

Is there a lift in the house? Are there a lot of bookshelves?

Is there any bread on the plate?

Are there a few cups on the table?

Is there much furniture in the hall?

Was there a nice picture on the wall?

Оборот there is (there are)

Предложения с вводным there сообщают о наличии или существовании лица или предмета в каком-либо определенном месте.

Вводное there в предлочаении является формальным подлежащим, которое вводит скаауемое.

После оборота there is (are, was, were, will be) исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе употребляются с неопределенным артиклем. Во множественном числе существительные употребляются без артикля.

В случае наличия в предложении более одного подлежащего сказуемое согласуется с первым из них.

There is a newspaper and some journals on the table.

There are some journals and a newspaper on the table.

При переводе на русский язык предложений с вводным there перевод обычно начинается с обстоятельства (места или времени):

There is a lamp on the table. There is much snow in winter.

На столе есть (имеется, находится) лампа. Зимой много снега.

Сказуемым в предложении такого типа может быть не только глагол to be, но и другие глаголы: to exist (существовать), to live (жить), to come (приходить), to lie (лежать) и др.

There appeared many new parties in the country.

В стране появилось много новых партий.

There is (are, was, were will be)
	Present Indefinite	Past Indefinite	Future Indefinite
Affirmative	There is a letter in the bag. There are letters in the bag.	There was a letter in the bag. There were letters in the bag.	There will be a letter in the bag. There will be letters in the bag.
Interrogative	Is there a letter in the bag? Are there letters in the bag?	Was there a letter in the bag? Were there letters in the bag?	Will there be a letter in the bag? Will there be letters in the bag?
Negative	There is not (isn't) a letter in the bag. There are no letters in the bag.	There was not (wasn't) a letter in the bag. There were no letters in the bag.	There will not (won't) be a letter in the bag. There will be no letters in the bag.

Self-correcting Exercises

Exercise 1. Translate the sentences into Russian.

There is a garden near the house. There are many newspapers on the desk. There is some chalk in the box. Is there anybody in the corridor? There are no mistakes in your test. There aren't many mistakes in your test. There was a concert at the University last Sunday. Will there be a concert next Sunday? There won't be many exams in winter. There is much information. There is a point of view that ... There are many problems to solve.

Около дома есть сад. На столе много газет. В ящике есть мел. В коридоре есть кто-нибудь? В вашей контрольной нет ошибок. В вашей контрольной не много ошибок. В прошлое воскресенье в университете был концерт. В следущее воскресенье будет концерт? Зимой не будет много экзаменов. Имеется (есть) много информации. Существует мнение, что … Есть много проблем, требующих решения.

Exercise 2. Make the sentences interrogative.

Model: There is a picture on the wall.

Is there a picture on the wall?

There is a lift in the house. There are a lot of bookshelves. There is some bread on the plate. There are a few cups on the table. There is much furniture in the hall. There was a nice picture on the wall. There were many seminars last week. There will be a lot of people at the conference. There will be a telephone in my flat.

Is there a lift in the house? Are there a lot of book-shelves? Is there any bread on the plate? Are there a few cups on the table? Is there much furniture in the hall? Was there a nice picture on the wall? Were there many seminars last week? Will there be a lot of people at the conference? Will there be a telephone in your flat?

Exercise 3. Make the sentences negative.

1. There is a pen in my hand. 2. There is some ink in the pen. 3. There is some bread at home. 4. There were old buildings in the city. 5. There will be a lot of fruit in our garden. 6. There will be a seminar next week. 7. There is some sugar in my coffee. 8. There will be a new stadium in a year.

There is no pen in my hand. There is no ink in the pen. There is no bread at home. There were no old buildings in the city. There won't be a lot of fruit in our garden. There won't be a seminar next week. There isn't any sugar in my coffee. There won't be a new stadium in a year.

Self-training Exercises

Exercise 1. Answer the following questions.

1. How many days are there in January? 2. How many minutes are there in an hour? 3. How many rooms are there in your flat? 4. How many students are there in your group? 5. How much money is there in the box? 6. How much water is there in the kettle? 7. What is there on the table? 8. In whose room are there two windows? 9. Will there be many people in the park on Sunday?

Exercise 2. Form questions to the words given in bold type.

1. There is a big park in the centre of the city. 2. There are two armchairs in the room. 3. There are twelve months in a year. 4. There was a school near my house before the war. 5. There were 50000 roubles in my bag. 6. There will be no wars in future. 7. There will be a party tomorrow.

Exercise 3. Make up sentences of your own using the construction "there is/are".

1. traffic lights, at every corner, of the street.

2. a few English books, in our library.

3. a lot of parks and gardens, there.

4. time, to visit the museum, no.

5. some years ago, only, a few new houses, in our street.

6. time, to do this work, tomorrow?

7. an institute, in your town, five years ago?

8. in three years, a theatre, near my house?

Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into English using the construction "there is/are".

1. В нашем городе много школ и институтов. 2. На столе много журналов и газет? – Нет, на столе мало журналов и газет. 3. В нашей группе было 14 студентов в прошлом году. 4. В Минске много вокзалов? 5. Десять лет назад недалеко от нашего дома не было школы. 6. В этом городе много исторических памятников. 7. Есть ли кто-нибудь в комнате? – Там никого нет. 8. Через несколько минут будет фильм. 9. Вы можете идти домой. Сегодня не будет больше занятий.

Exercise 5. Put in there is/was or it is/was. Some sentences are questions (is there...? / is it...? etc.) and some are negative (isn't/wasn't).

1. The journey took a long time. .………………a lot of traffic.

2. What's the new restaurant like? ……………...... good?

3. '.................... a bookshop near here?' 'Yes,........................... one in Hill Street.'

4. When we got to the cinema,.................. a queue outside. .................... a very long queue, so we decided not to wait.

5. I couldn't see anything.. ....................................... completely dark.

6. ................................ trouble at the club last night. They had to call the police.

7. How far ....................................... from Milan to Rome?

8. ....................................... Keith's birthday yesterday. We had a party.

9. ....................................... three years since I last went to the theatre.

10. I wanted to visit the museum but....................................... enough time.

11. '.................................... time to go?' 'Yes,............................. nearly midnight.'

12. A few days ago ............................. a storm. ......................... a lot of damage.

13. ....................................... a beautiful day yesterday. We had a picnic.

14. ....................................... anything on television, so I turned it off.

15. .............................. an accident in King Street but....................... very serious.

Exercise 6. Read the first sentence and then write a sentence beginning. There...

1. The roads were busy today.	There ………
2. This soup is very salty.	There ……in the soup.
3. The box was empty.	.............. in the box.
4. The film was very violent.	……………..
5. The shops were very crowded.	………………
6. I like this town - it's lively.	………………

Exercise 7. Complete the sentences. Use there will be, there would be etc. Choose from:

will might would wouldn't should used to (be) going to

1. If people drove more carefully, .………. fewer accidents.

2. 'Have we got any eggs?' I’m not sure. ................................... some in the fridge.'

3. I think everything will be OK. I don't think .................................... any problems.

4. Look at the sky. ........................................................ a storm.

5. 'Is there a school in the village?' 'Not now.............................. one but it closed.'

6. People drive too fast on this road. I think ....................................... a speed limit.

7. If people weren't aggressive,.......................................................... any wars.

Exercise 8. Are these sentences right or wrong? Change it to there where necessary.

1. They live on a busy road. It must be a lot of noise. ...........

2. Last winter it was very cold and it was a lot of snow...........................................

3. I wish it was warmer. I hate cold weather. ....................................................

4. It used to be a church here, but it was knocked down. ....................................

5. It's a long way from my house to the nearest shop. ..............................................

6. Why was she so unfriendly? It must have been a reason. ......................................

7. I don't know who will win but it's sure to be a good match....................................

8. 'Where can we park the car?' 'Don't worry. It's sure to be a car park somewher

9. After the lecture it will be an opportunity to ask questions.....................................

10. I like the place where I live. But it would be nicer to live by the sea. .....................

11. I was told that it would be somebody to meet me at the station but it wasn't anybody. ………