Грамматические упражнения

I. Спишите данные ниже предложения. Подчеркните в них маркеры видо-временных форм. Объясните, почему в этих предложениях употреблена та или иная видо-временная форма:

1. The jury usually discusses all the matters concerned. 2. They have been discussing the matter for half an hour already. 3. He is never late to his appointments. 4. I don’t want any coffee; I have just taken a cup. 5. When I entered our office, all my colleagues were waiting already for the beginning of the consultation. 6. She has been waiting for her brother’s letter for a month already. 7. Do you often go to your relatives in Bryansk? 8. Do not disturb her, she is taking her music lesson.

II. Дополните следующие предложения, выбрав соответствующие обстоятельства времени из правой колонки:

1. She is watching TV a) right now

b) for two days

c) every day

2) She watches TV a) since morning

b) now

c) every day

3) She has been watching TV a) every week

b) now

c) since two o’clock

4) She has watched TV a) just

b) yesterday

III. Соотнесите инфинитивы видо-временных форм с их названиями:

1. to be V-ing a) Perfect

2. to have been V-ing b) Progressive (Continuous)

3. to have V3 c) Perfect Progressive (Perfect Continuous)

Примечание. Буквой V мы обозначим смысловой глагол, соответственно, V3 означает “третья форма глагола”. Здесь вам также нужно вспомнить, что такое третья форма глагола, и чем она отличается у правильных и неправильных глаголов.

Задание 1. Анализируя формулы сказуемых, определите, из каких структурных элементов состоит сказуемое в каждой видо-временной группе.

Задание 2. Подумайте и напишите, как выглядела бы формула видо-временной формы Simple (Indefinite).

IV. Употребите глагол в нужной форме:

1) cook a) Mother … now.

b) She … for an hour.

c) She … very well.

d) She … already.

2) watch TV a) Father … now.

b) He … for half an hour.

c) He … every evening.

d) He … just.

3) study a) Mike … now.

b) He always … after school.

c) He … for two hours.

V. Раскройте скобки, поставив сказуемое в нужную видо-временную форму.

1. Our family (to live) in that town for twenty years already. 2. I often (to go) to our park with my little son in autumn. 3. Every evening my sister (to work) with papers in her study. 4. Why is she crying so bitterly? – She (to watch) a very sad film on TV. She always (to cry) after soap-opera films. 5. Sorry, I can’t call Jim to the phone now, he (to speak) to a very important visitor at the moment.

III. Переведите предложения на английский язык, ориентируясь на лексические “маркеры”.

test-paper – контрольная работа

to drive (drove, driven) – вести (автомобиль)

colleague - коллега

1) Могу я поговорить с вашим директором? – Да, только, пожалуйста, недолго: он сейчас ждёт важного звонка из Москвы. 2) Ты уже написал контрольную? – Да, и теперь у меня много свободного времени. 3) Моя мама работает в этой больнице уже тридцать лет. 4) Мой брат очень хорошо водит автомобиль. 5) Таня мне часто пишет. 6) Таня сейчас у себя в комнате: она пишет письмо. 7) Наши коллеги уже приехали из аэропорта и сейчас обедают в гостинице.

Текст: «Функции государства».

TEXT

GOVERNMENTAL FUNCTIONS

We may attempt a general description of the various governmental functions in the modern state on the following lines:

The legislative functions. It is the making of new laws, and the alteration or repeal of the existing law. Legislation is the formulation of law by the appropriate organ of the State, in such a manner that the actual words used are themselves part of the law: the words not only contain the law, but in a sense they constitute the law.

Two methods of direct law-making are found in some States – the referendum by which certain measures have to be submitted for approval to the electorate, and the initiative by which certain kinds of measures may be proposed by a specified number of the electors. These are mostly to be found as methods for amending federal constitutions.

The executive or administrative function is the general and detailed carrying on of government functions according to law, including the framing of the policy and the choice of the manner in which the law may be made to render that policy possible. It involves the provision, transport, and so on – as well as the supervision of the social services – public health, housing, assistance for the sick and unemployed, education, defense, order and justice, and the finance required thereof.

The judicial function consists in the interpretation of the law and its application by rule or discretion to the facts of particular cases. This involves the ascertainment of facts in dispute according to the law of evidence. The organs which the State sets up to exercise the judicial functions are called Courts of Law or Courts of Justice.

(From “The Constitutional Law” by H. Phillips)