Выпишите слова и выучите их:

letterpress	высокая печать
relief printing	высокая печать
planographic printing	плоская печать
offset lithography	офсетная плоская печать
web offset	рулонный офсет
intaglio printing	глубокая печать
gravure	глубокая печать
durability	износоустойчивость, тиражеустойчивость
because of	из-за, благодаря
because	потому что, так как
apply	наносить
rim	тираж
medium run	средний тираж
long-run printing	многотиражная печать
result	получаться в результате, давать в результате
feature	черта, особенность
the same	тот же самый, одинаковый, один и тот же
image	изображение
ink image	красочное изображение
image transfer	перенос, передача изображения
image carrier	печатная форма
relief image carrier	форма высокой печати
plate	печатная форма, пластина
equipment	оборудование
depth	глубина
plane	плоскость
level	уровень
accomplish	осуществлять, производить
exist	существовать
vary	меняться
suitable	подходящий, соответствующий, пригодный
area	участок, элемент (формы)
printing (image) area	печатный участок, участок изображения
non-printing (non-image) area	пробельный участок, непечатный участок
essential	основной, главный
base	основывать
dampening	увлажнение
dampening solution	увлажняющий раствор
dampening unit	увлажняющее устройство
pressure	давление
treat	обрабатывать
cylinder malting	изготовление (формного) цилиндра
quantity	количество
quality	качество
press	печатная машина
raise over	возвышаться над, выступать над
ink	краска, окрашивать
ink receptive	воспринимающий краску
package material	упаковочный материал
graphic arts	полиграфия
print shop	типография
composition	набор
photocomposition	фотонабор
composing machine	наборная машина
only	только
the only	единственный
whereas	в то время, как
summarize	обобщать, охватывать, кратко перечислять
cell	ячейка (печатной формы)
production	производство
type	шрифт
grease	жир, жирные вещества
greasy	жирный
stock	материал
colour	цвет, цветной
impression	оттиск, отпечаток
body	основание, основа, ножка (литеры)
line	строка
to mix	смешивать(ся)
according to	в соответствии с, в зависимости от
expensive	дорогой
top	верх
like	подобно, так же, как и
job-and-commercial printing	акцидентная печать
sunken	опускать, погружать

2.2.

Задание 2

Перепишите предложения и переведите их, учитывая значения слов because, because of, the same, only, the only, а также местоимения one, которое заменяет ранее употреблённое существительное.

1. Offset has become very popular because of the high, quality of image transfer.

2. In some cases you саn mix different types in the same line.

3. Among the three methods of printing letterpress is the oldest one.

4. All this work is done at the same time.

5. Offset presses are the only ones that use dampening unit.

6. You must know paper properties because paper is the basic material of the print shop.

7. Only better grades of paper are made of rags.

2.3.

Задание 3

Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие Причастие I и Причастие II. Обратите особое внимание на перевод независимого (самостоятельного) причастного оборота в предложениях 4 и 6.

1. The research work done at this laboratory will greatly help the printers.

2. Working at the composing machine the operator must be very attentive.

3. The illustrations produced at this print shop are always of high quality.

4. Photocomposition being widely used in graphic arts, our country needs more specialists in this field.

5. She man showing the ingredients of the printing isles to the students is our engineer technologist.

6. Gravure plate has manу cells of different sizes, some of them holding more ink than the others.

2.4.

Задание 4

Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие герундий:

1. Printing in lithography is accomplished bу applying ink and water solution to the specially treated areas of the plate.

2. You can't develop graphic arts industry without developing photographic methods.

3. After making the impression the plate is inked again.

2.5.

Задание 5

Запомните перевод некоторых трудных мест в тексте:

1. ... you may be surprised to learn - вы, возможно, удивитесь, узнав ...

2. ... good printing characteristics for pictures - хорошее качество воспроизведения иллюстраций ...

3. ... to overcome the problems of the cylinder-making stage - упростить изготовление формных цилиндров.

4. ... of general importance - имеющий повсеместное значение ...

5. ... is increasingly utilized - всё чаще используется ...

2.6.

Задание 6

Прочтите и письменно переведите весь текст.

Printing PROCESSES

1. Letterpress or relief printing is the oldest form of .printing. You know already that la relief printing the printing image is raised over the body of the image carrier. Image transfer is accomplished by applying printing ink to the raised areas of the image carrier and by transferring the resulting ink image to the printing stock in the press under pressure.

2. This discription summarizes the essential features of relief printing. But you mау bе surprised to learn how many different relief image carriers exist and how widely the various methods of relief printing differ from each other.

3. In intaglio printing the non-printing areas are on top of the image carrier whereas the printing image is sunken in the depth of the carrier material. For printing, all sunken portions or cells are filled with ink, deeper cells holding naturally, more ink than less deep ones. The quantity of ink transferred to the paper varies according to the depth of various cells.

4. One of the most interesting questions at the moment is the future of gravure. It is the most suitable process for long-run colour printing because of the durability of its printing surface, good 'printing characteristics for pictures and ease of inking system control. However, cylinder making being expensive and slew, gravure can only be used for long runs. Efforts are being made to overcome the problems of the cylinder-making stage. If these are successful'; then gravure could be much more widely used.

5. The term 'planographic printing' is used for a group of printing methods which are all based on the image carriers having the printing areas and the non-printing areas practically in the same plane. Immediately the question cornea to mind, how it is possible to apply printing ink to the image areas without at the same time applying it also to the non-image areas if both are on the same level. The answer to this question is based on the long-known fact that grease and water do not mix. Printing inks for planographic printing are quite greasy and the printing image carrier is specially treated to make the printing areas ink receptive and the non-printing areas receptive to the dam­pening solution under the same conditions.

6. At present, offset lithography is the only planographic method of general importance. Like letterpress, offset lithography has equipment for short, medium, and extremely long runs; it is used for job-and commercial printing, magazines, package material, book production. Web offset is increasingly utilized for the printing of newspapers.

2.7.

Задание 7

Перепишите предложения, заполнив пропуски словами: gravure, ink, image carriers, dampening; cells, letterpress, long run.

1. Gravure is mostly used for ... colour printing.

2. Many different ... are used in letterpress as well as in all other printing methods.

3. For printing the ... of the cylinder are filled with ... .

4. In ... the image is raised whereas in ... it is sunken.

5. In lithography every printing cycle requires ... of the plate before inking.

2.8.

Задание 8

Перепишите вопросы и письменно ответьте на них.

1. What major printing processes do you know?

2. How is printing accomplished in letterpress?

3. Where are the printing and non-printing areas situated in a gravure image carrier?

4. Why is gravure most suitable for long-run colour printing.

5. How is the printing plate treated in lithography?

6. What work is offset lithography used for?

3.

Контрольная работа №2

Проработайте следующий грамматический материал:

• Инфинитив.

• Функции инфинитива.

• Модальные глаголы с инфинитивом.

• Степени сравнения прилагательных.

• Усиление сравнения.

• Союзы аs, either и др.

3.1.

Задание 1

Выпишите слова и выучите их:

image carrier	печатная форма
plate	печатная форма, пластина, стереотип
duplicate plate	вторичная форма. Стереотип
type form	шрифтовая форма
type	шрифт, литера, вид, тип
foundry type	литой шрифт
typesetting	шрифтовой набор
obtain	получать
flexible	гибкий, эластичный
flexibility	гибкость, эластичность
resilient	упругий, эластичный
light	легкий
wearing quality	устойчивость на износ, тиражеустойчивость
press life	зд.: тиражеустойчивость
presswork	печатные работы
curve	изгибать, закруглять
curving	изгибание (стереотипа)
curvature	изгиб, дуга
base	основывать, базировать
suitable	годный, подходящий
re-printing	переиздание, повторное издание
flexography	флексография
existing	существующий, имеющийся
individual	отдельный, самостоятельный
separate	отдельный, дополнительный
single	единый, общий
chromium-faced	хромированный, с хромированной поверхностью
photoengraving	травление фотомеханическим способом, клише
wood engraving	ксилогравюра, гравюра на дереве
store	хранить
composition	набор
compositor	наборщик
combine	объединять
distinctive feature	отличительная особенность, черта
platemaking	изготовление печатной формы
manufacture	изготовление, производство
manufacturing steps	производственные операции, процессы
rubber	резиновый
long-run printing	многотиражная печать
mold	отливать
briefly	кратко
slugs of type	литые строки, линотипные строки
monotype	монотип; зд.: литеры, полученные на монотипе
correct	исправлять
extremely	чрезвычайно, очень
conform	соответствовать
bed	талер
last	сохраняться, служить
requirement	требование
bulky	громоздкий
electrotype	гальваностереотип
excellent	отличный
purpose	цель, задача
sufficiently	достаточно
space	место, пространство
in general	в целом, в общем
either ... or	или ... или, либо ... либо
permit	позволять, допускать
impose	налагать, накладывать
technique	приём, способ, метод
take the place	заменять
identify	определять, устанавливать
web	бумажный рулон, лента
platen machine	тигельная машина
position	размешать
proper position	правильное положение
carry oat	производить, выполнять

3.2.

Задание 2

Повторите образование степеней сравнения прилагательных и переведите на русский язык:

1. Large-larger - much larger - largest.

2. Important - more important - much more important - most important.

3. Much more difficult - most difficult - less difficult - much less difficult - least difficult.

3.3.

Задание 3

Перепишите и переведите предложения, учитывая разные функции инфинитива (обстоятельство цели и определение):

1. То get better acquainted with printing processes the students decided .to go to the Platemaking Department.

2. The ink to be used daring presswork is kept in a simple metal reservoir.

3. The surface of the image carrier is specially treated to make the printing areas ink receptive.

4. The equipment to control the web for proper position is folly automatic.

5. Printing press is a machine which brings into contact under pressure an inked plate and paper or other material to be printed.

3.4.

Задание 4

Перепишите и переведите предложения, пользуясь образцом:

1. This composition can be performed - only on the Monotype.

2. A lot of research work must be carried out before we can use this printing method.

3. It can be said that presswork is the most important step in printing production.

4. To get a good impression paper must be correctly positioned.

3.5.

Задание 5

Выберите правильное значение "as"; "в качестве", "как", "так как", "в то время, как", "так же, как и"; перепишите и переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на 6-е предложение, где "as" отдельно не переводится.

1. As greasy ink and water do not mix we can use them for printing, and non-printing areas of the plate.

2. He works as a compositor at this print shop.

3. For high-quality printing the properties of ink are as important as those of paper.

4. As the cylinder rotates inking rollers supply new portions of ink to the plate.

5. Platen machines can use type forms as they have a flat bed.

6. The productivity of modern presses is several times as large as the output of the first platen presses.

3.6.

Задание 6

Запомнитe перевод некоторых трудных мест в тексте:

1. ... made it possible to free letterpress from the limitations imposed ... позволили освободить высокую печать от ограничений, которые вносит ...

2. ... will conform by their own flexibility ... будут соответствовать благодаря собственной гибкости ...

3. ... rate highly in this respect. ... ценятся высоко в этом отношении.

4. ... during the manufacturing steps of duplicate platemaking... в процессе изготовления стереотипа.

3.7.

Задание 7

Прочтите и письменно переведите весь текст.

DUPLICATE PLATES

1. Duplicate plates are extremely important relief image carriers. They made it possible to free letterpress from the limitations imposed by composition consisting of individual metallic types. Duplicate plates can be devided into four types: stereotypes, electrotypes, plastic plates, and rubber plates. How we will briefly identify several most distinctive features of duplicate plates in general.

2. Duplicate plates can be curved and used for long-run printing. All long-run printing is based on rotary presses. As type forms must be used flat and cannot be curved, they cannot serve for rotary printing. Their place is taken by curved duplicate plates. Some kinds of duplicate plates аre made either flat or curved, others can be made flat and then curved, still others are sufficiently flexible not to need separate curving as they will conform by their опт flexibility to the curvature of the cylinder.

3. Excellent wearing qualities is an important requirement for long-run printing. Duplicate plates rate highly in this respect. They have a much longer press life than the original material from which they are made. A chromium-faced electrotype, for example, will last ten times as long as the photoengraving front which it was made.

4. Duplicate plates permit the combining of many different original elements in a single image carrier. Foundry types, Monotypes, slogs of type, wood engravings, photoengravings, and, if necessary, already existing stereotypes and electrotypes can all be combined for duplicate platemaking.

5. Bobber and plastic are materials which are not suitable for typesetting and photoengraving. Bat some methods of relief printing - flexography for example - cannot use image carriers consisting of metals hat mist have for their purposes more resilient materials each as natural or synthetic robber. The only way to obtain each image carriers is by duplicate platemaking.

6. Special techniques can be used to correct some defects of original materials daring the manufacturing steps of duplicate platemaking. Some duplicate plates are much lighter and less bulky than original material. This feature is important where plates must be stored for later re-printing. Plastic duplicate plates, for example, which are widely used in book printing, occupy much less space than the original type forms from which they are molded. Duplicate plates are also much less heavy than these, a fact not to be forgotten.

3.8.

Задание 8

Перепишите предложения и заполните пропуски рпедложенными словами словами: original, duplicate, slogs of type, type forms, carved, occupy, took the place, wearing, re-printing.

1. ... plates ere made from the original image carriers such as ... or photoengravings.

2. Long-run rotary printing requires ... stereotypes with excellent ... qualities.

3. Some defects of the ... elements were corrected daring manufacturing steps of duplicate platemaking.

4. We usually store duplicate plates for future ... as they are lighter, less bulky and ...much less space.

5. High-speed rotary machines ... of all other printing presses in newspaper production.

6. They combined ..., a wood engraving and even a stereotype to mold a duplicate plate.

3.9.

Задание 9

Перепишите вопросы и письменно ответьте на них.

1. How many types of duplicate plates do you know? What are they?

2. What plates are used for rotary printing? Why?

3. Why are duplicate plates used for long-run printing?

4. What different elements can be combined for duplicate platemaking?

5. How are rubber plates obtained?

6. What features of duplicate plates are important when they are stored for re-printing?

4.

Контрольная работа №3

Проработайте следующий грамматический материал:

• Конструкции с инфинитивом: объектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение)

• Cубъектный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащее).

• Парные союзы: either ... or, neither ... nor, both ... and.

4.1.

Задание 1

Выпишите слова и выучите их:

tack	липкость
adhesion	прилипание, адгезия
viscosity	вязкость
flow	текучесть
penetration	впитывание
rub resistance	зд.: отмарывание
sticky	липкий
fluid	жидкий
a great number of	большое количество
pressure	давление
news ink	газетная краска
platen machine (press)	тигельная машина
flatbed cylinder machine (press)	плоскопечатная машина
cylinder press	плоскопечатная машина
rotary machine (press)	ротационная машина
dispersion	дисперсия
toner	подцветка
according to	согласно, в соответствии с
area	площадь, поверхность, участок
take an impression	производить оттиск
cell	ячейка
raised	поднятый, возвышенный
recessed	опущенный, углублённый
oil	масло
hydrocarbon oil	толуольный растворитель
either ... or	или ... или, либо ... либо
neither ... nor	ни ... ни
both ... and	и ... и, как ... так и
property	свойство, качество
damping	увлажнение
rotogravure	ротационная глубокая печать
rubber	резиновый
direct	прямой, непосредственный
rather	довольно
employ	использовать, употреблять
additional	добавочный, дополнительный
additive	добавка
desirable	желательный
put a demand	предъявлять требование
carbon black	сажа
blanket	офсетное полотно
generally	обычно, как правило
wholy	целиком, полностью
thus	таким образом
colour	цвет
i.p.h. (impressions per hour)	оттисков в час
per square inch	на квадратный дюйм
design	зд.: предназначать
revolving	вращающийся
intermediary	промежуточный
although	хотя
through	через
bring into contact	приводить в соприкосновение
suck out	всасывать, вытягивать, впитывать
capable	способный
moderate	умеренный, средний
relatively	сравнительно, относительно
stock	материал
fitting	подбор, подгонка
nature	характер
solution	раствор
still	всё же, тем не менее
surface	поверхность
sheet feeder	листовой самонаклад
web feeder	рулонный самонаклад
pressroom	печатный цех
at once	сразу
too	слишком; тоже
emulsification	зд.: эмульсионный

4.2.

Задание 2

Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различный перевод слова "too":

1. This magazine is published in our print shop too.

2. Too much water on the offset plate will result in poor printing.

3. Hand composition is too slow to be used in the age of mechanization.

4.3.

Задание 3

Перепишите и переведите предложения, содержащие парные союзы:

1. Either relief or gravure image carriers can be used on this rotary press.

2. You may use either hand composition or photographic methods for this unusual work.

3. The engineer technologist said that neither ink nor paper were suitable for this method of printing.

4. The inks for platen press must be neither too sticky nor too fluid.

5. You can see both sheet and web feeders in this pressroom.

6. Both rotary and offset presses can be equipped with either sheet or web feeders.

4.4.

Задание 4

Повторите указанные конструкции с инфинитивом, перепишите и переведите следующие предложения:

1. Letterpress is known to exist for more than five hundred years.

2. This ink is considered to be most suitable for printing newspapers.

3. They believe this method of printing to be widely used in future.

4. We know rotary presses to bе built for high-speed work.

5. The students declared the production of books, magazines and newspapers to be the most interesting work.

4.5.

Задание 5

Запомните перевод некоторых трудных мест в тексте:

1. ... slides to and fro beneath it ... совершает под ним возвратно-поступательное движение.

2. ... of a wider range of consistency... более разнообразных консистенций...

3. It follows that there will be a tendency to form ... Это означает, что будет наблюдаться тенденция к образованию ...

4.6.

Задание 6

Прочтите и письменно переведите весь текст.

FITTING INK TO PAPER AND PRESS

1. Perhaps the most difficult problem in the printing industry is the fitting of the ink both to paper and press. Let us look at printing processes and types of presses, and the ink properties required for each.

2. Letterpress inks are designed for printing from raised surfaces. What is of great importance here is the method by which the inked form is brought into contact with the paper. This may be done in three ways: platen, flat-bed cylinder and rotary methods.

3. In platen machines the paper generally contacts the form over the whole area at once. It is undesirable that the ink should be made too sticky. It must have moderate tack and viscosity.

4. In flat-bed cylinder machines the paper is held on a revolving cylinder, while the inked font elides to and fro beneath it., By this Method, only part of the form is under pressure at any moment, and thus much larger areas can be printed without the use of great mechanical force (although the pressure per square inch is still high). Cylinder machines will print successfully with inks of a wider range of consistency than platens or rotaries.

5. Rotary machines are capable of much higher speeds. Examples of such machines are newspaper rotaries printing at speeds up to 30, 000 i.p.h. Jews inks are of relatively low viscosity and are generally wholy based on hydrocarbon oils. A typical news ink consists of a dispersion of carbon black in a mineral oil of suitable viscosity, containing additional toners to improve colour, and email quantities of other addi­tives to control such properties as flow, penetration and rob resistance.

6. Lithographic inks are designed to print from plates that have neither raised nor recessed image areas. The demands put upon lithographic inks are rather unusual. In printing, the plate is dampened, then inked, then the impression is taken, either direct on to the paper or through the intermediary rubber 'offset' blanket. It follows that there will be a tendency to form an emulsion between the greasy ink and the water or solution employed for damping. Printing, in fact, depends on a good balance between two emulsification systems, oil in water and water in oil.

7. Printing images in gravure are known to consist of a great number of small cells and the ink is sucked out of them by the printing stock. According to the nature of the process rotogravure inks must be very fluid with good flow properties, they must have low adhesion to the image carrier, but at the same time good adhesion to the paper.

1. Adjectives:

   essential	-	существенный, неотъемлемый, весьма важный
   concise	-	сжатый, краткий
   diffuse	-	многословный, расплывчатый, растянутый
   proper	-	правильный, надлежащий, подходящий

2. Nouns and combinations:

   summarising	-	реферирование, краткое изложение, конспектирование
   summary	-	реферат, краткое изложение, резюме, конспект
   Syn. precis precis-writer	-	должностное лицо, составляющее рефераты, рецензии
   compression	-	сокращение, сжатое (краткое) изложение
   method of procedure	-	последовательность, методика процесса (реферирование)
   hard-and-fast rule	-	строгое (жесткое) правило
   original order of thought	-	первоначальный ход мысли (порядок изложения мысли)
   original piece	-	оригинал, подлинник
   passage	-	отрывок, часть к-л. произведения
   title	-	заглавие, название
   gist	-	суть, сущность, главное
   main purport	-	сущность, суть, главное
   important point	-	главное, суть, смысл; важный момент (вопрос)
   points of minor importance	-	мелкие подробности,частности, детали
   details	-	детали, частности, мелкие подробности
   punctuation	-	пунктуация, знаки препинания

3. Verbs and combinations with them:

to be bound to do smth	-	бытьобязанным (вынужденным) ч.-л.сделать
to exceed	-	превышать
to go over smth. again	-	проделать ч.-л. заново, повторить ч.-л. вновь
to grasp	-	усваивать, охватывать, понять
to lay down a rule	-	установить правило
to omit	-	пренебрегать, пропускать, не включать
to pass over all details	-	пропускать подробности (частности, мелкие обстоятельства)
to reduce smth. to the required length	-	сократить что-либо до требуемой длины
to revise	-	перерабатывать; пересматривать, проверять
to strike out	-	вычеркнуть
to succeed	-	достигнуть цели, добиться успеха, удаваться
to sum up	-	излагать (выражать) суть вопроса (темы)
to make an attempt	-	предпринимать попытку
to transpose	-	перелагать, переставлять, излагать в другой форме

II. Read the Text and find answers to the following questions:

1. What is the object of a summary and how many words should it contain?

2. What are the first two stages in summarising?

3. What points of the original passage should be expressed in a summary and how?

4. Why should a precis-writer make several attempts before he finally succeeds?

SUMMARISING

The summary, or precis, is an exercise in compression. Its object is to express the gist of the passage in the smallest number of words possible. As authors' styles differ, some being concise and some diffuse, there can be no hard-and-fast rule as to the proper length of the original passage: but we can lay it down as a general rule, that a summary should never contain more than one third of the number of words of the original piece. In some cases the general meaning of the passage can be expressed adequately even more concisely than this.

Method of Procedure. Read the passage carefully, if necessary several times, until you grasped its main purport or gist.

Find a short title that sums up the subject of the passage, to put at the top of your summary.

It is only the gist, main purport, or general meaning of the passage which you have to express. So, in reading, note the really important points, and pass over all detals, mere illustrations, and points of minor importance.

You are not bound to follow the original order of thought of the passage, if you can express its meaning more clearly and concisely by transposing any parts.

Now try to write, as far as possible in your own words, the main purport of the passage, as clearly as possible and in not more than a third of its length.

You may have to take several attempts before you finally succed. If at the first attempt you find you have exceeded the proper number of words, go over your summary again and strike out every unnecessary sentence and word, until you have reduced it to the required length, without omitting anything essential.

Finally, revise your work, correcting all mistakes in spelling, grammar and punctuation.

III. Copy out of the Text the equivalents of the following word combinations:

Model 1. Noun + Prepositional Attribute

e.g. an exercise + in compression

1. тема статьи;

2. необходимое количество слов;

3. ошибки в написании (слов), орфографические ошибки;

4. суть статьи

Model 2. Verb + Direct Object

e.g. to express + the gist of the passage

- выразить суть статьи

1. прочитать статью

2. уловить (усвоить) ее основное содержание или суть

3. вычеркнуть все ненужные предложения и слова

Model 3. Modal Verb + Infinitive

e.g. can express the gist of the passage

- можно изложить (установить)

1. никогда не должно содержать

2. может быть выражено

3. должно выражать

IV. Use suffixes:

1. -age; -ation; -ure; -ing; -ion, to build nouns out of the following verbs: to punctuate, to compress; to pass; to mean; to illustrate; to proceed.

2. -ly, to build adverbs out of the following adjectives: adequate, concise, careful, real, clear, original, possible. Translate the newly built words into Russian (in written form).

V. Copy out of the Text the English equivalents of the following

Russian sentences.

1. Задача (реферирования) состоит в том, чтобы выразить основную мысль статьи возможно меньшим количеством слов.

2. В некоторых случаях основная мысль статьи может быть достаточно точно передана еще в более сжатой форме.

3. Если можно передать содержание статьи более ясно и кратко путем перестановки отдельных частей изложения, то не обязательно придерживаться последовательности изложения мысли, принятой в статье.

4. ... перечитайте реферат снова и вычеркните все ненужные слова и предложения, и так до тех пор, пока не сократите его до требуемых размеров, не опустив ничего существенного.

5. Подберите краткий заголовок, который точно отражает тему статьи, с тем, чтобы его можно было поместить над рефератом.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a summary or precis?

2. What is the object of summarising?

3. What can you say about author's style?

4. Can there be any hard-and-fast rule as to the length of the original passage?

5. What is the general rule about a summary?

6. Why should the precis-writer read the passage being summarised several times?

7. What should the precis-writer note while reading the passage?

8. Why should the precis-writer put a short title at the top of his summary?

9. What material of the original passage should be passed over?

10. Is the precis-writer bound to follow the original order of fhought or can he transpose any of its parts?

11. What material should a summary contain and how should it be written?

12. What is the required length of a summary?

13. What should a precis-writer do to reduce his summary to the required length?

14. What is the final step in writing a summary?