Уровни усвоения

После выполнения задания студент должен:

• Знать:

1. Название предметов медицинского оборудования для осмотра пациента.

2. Существенные различия в охвате глаголов категории залога.

• Уметь:

1. Устранять грамматические ошибки при переводе предложений в страдательном залоге.

2. Переводить адаптированные тексты с помощью словаря с целью извлечения информации.

Контроль самостоятельной внеаудиторной работы проводится в форме письменного зачета.

Критерии оценки: при выставлении оценки результатов внеаудиторной самостоятельной работы студентов, преподаватель руководствуется качеством оформления письменной работы, в соответствии с требованиями, а также уровнем умений студентов использовать теоретические знания при выполнении практических задач.

Изучение темы «Медицинское оборудование» поможет студентам в будущей практической деятельности в лечебных учреждениях при уходе за пациентами.

Инструктаж по выполнению работы:

- задание должно быть выполнено своевременно;

- в рабочей тетради или устно перевести данные тексты, ответить на вопросы;

- изучить грамматический материал во временах группы Indefiniteдействительного и

страдательногозалога (ActiveandPassive Voice);

- назвать эквиваленты данного русского предложения, пользуясь подстановочной таблицей;

- поставить глагол в скобках в необходимую по смыслу форму;

- перевести предложение из действительного залога в страдательный;

-составить предложения, используя ‘’ ThePresentPassive.’’

The Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI – magnetic resonance imaging is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues within body.

Most MRI machines are large, tube-shaped magnets. When you lie inside an MRI machine, the magnetic field temporarily realigns hydrogen atoms in your body. Radio waves cause these aligned atoms to produce very faint signals, which are used to create cross-sectional MRI images – like slices in a loaf of bread.

The MRI machine can also be used to produce 3-D images that may be viewed from many different angles.

Why it’s done

MRI is a noninvasive way for your doctor to examine your organs, tissues and skeletal system. It produces high-resolution images that help diagnose a variety of problems.

MRI of the brain and spinal cord

MRI is the most frequently used imaging test of the brain and spinal cord. It’s often performed to help diagnose:

• Aneurysms

• Disorders of the eye and inner ear

• Multiple sclerosis

• Spinal cord injuries

• Stoke

• Tumors

Functional MRI of the brain (fMRI) can be used to identify important language and movement control areas in the brain in people who are being considered for brain surgery.

MRI of the heart and blood vessels

An MRI that focuses on the heart or blood vessels can assess:

• The size and function of the heart’s chambers

• Thickness and movement of the walls of the heart

• The extern of damage caused by heart attack of heart disease

• Structural problems in the aorta, such as aneurysms or dissections

• Inflammation or blockages in the blood vessels

MRI of the internal organs

An MRI may be used to check for tumors or other abnormalities of many organs in the body, including the:

• Liver

• Kidneys

• Spleen

• Pancreas

• Uterus

• Ovaries

• Prostate

1. Angle – угол

2. Alignetview – находящийся на одной линии

3. Assess – расценивать

4. Animation – временное прекращение жизненных функций

5. Chamber – полость (сердце)

6. Convential – традиционный, условный

7. Colon – толстая кишка

8. Dissection – рассечение, расслоение

9. Ditect – открывать, обнаруживать

10. Device – механизм, устройство

11. Dimensional – размер, величина

12. Educate – подготовить

13. High-resolution – высоко

14. Harmless – безвредный, безопасный

15. Major – большой, обширный (об ожоге)

16. Noninvasive – атравматичный, бескровный

17. Consider – рассматривать, считаться

18. Obtain – получать, доставлять

19. Pumpblood – насос для нагнетания крови

20. Pacemaker – очагавтоматизма

21. Plane – уровень

22. Patch – пятно, бляшка

23. Expect – думать, полагать

24. Stoke – топить

25. Spleen – селезенка

26. Suggest – предлагать

27. Small intestine – тонкий кишечник

28. Spine – позвоночник

29. Tissue – ткань

30. Tumor – опухоль

Answer the questions:

1. What is the magnetic resonance imaging?

2. When can an MRI machine be used?

3. Why it’s done?

4. Is it performed to help to diagnose?

5. What can an MRI assess?

6. May an MRI be used to check abnormalities of many organs in the body?

EKG – Electrocardiogram

What is an Electrocardiogram?

An electrocardiogram (e-lek-tro-KAR-de-o-gram), also called an EKG or ECG is a simple, painless test that records the heart’s electrical activity. To understand this test, it helps to understand how the heart works.

With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the heart to the bottom. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump blood. The process repeats with each new heartbeat.

The heart’s electrical signals set the rhythm of the heartbeat. From more detailed information and animations, go to the Health Topics How the Heart Works article.

An EKG shows:

• How fast your heart is beating

• Whether the rhythm of your heartbeat is steady or irregular

• The strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of your heart

Doctors use EKGs to detect and study many heart problems, such as heart attacks, arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs) , and heart failure. The test’s result also can suggest other disorders that heart function.

Other Names for an Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram also is called an EKG or ECG. Sometimes the test is called a 12-lead EKG or 12-lead ECG. This is because the heart’s electrical activity most often is recorded from 12 different places on the body at the same time.

Who Needs an Electrocardiogram?

Your doctor recommend an electrocardiogram (EKG) if you have signs or symptoms that suggest a heart problem. Examples of such signs and symptoms include:

• Chest pain

• Heart pounding racing or fluttering, or the sense that your heart is beating unevenly

• Breathing problems

• Tiredness and weakness

• Unusual heart sounds when your doctor listens your heartbeat

You may need to have more than one EKG so your doctor can diagnose certain heart conditions.

An EKG also may be done as part of a routine health exam. The test can screen for early heart disease that has no symptoms. Your doctor is more likely to look for early heart disease if your mother, father, brother, or sister had heart disease – especially early in life.

You may have an EKG so your doctor can check how well heart medicine or a medical device, such as a pacemaker, is working. The test also may be used for routine screening before major surgery.

Your doctor also may use EKG results to help plan your treatment for a heart condition.

What to Expect Before an Electrocardiogram

You don’t need to take any special steps before having an electrocardiogram (EKG). However, tell your doctor or his or her staff about the medicines you’re taking. Some medicines can affect EKG results.

What to Expect During an Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (EKG) is planes and harmless. A nurse or technician will attach soft, sticky patches called electrodes to the skin of your chest, arms, and legs. The patches are about the size of a quarter.

Often, 12 patches are attached to your body. This helps detect your heart’s electrical activity from many areas at the same time. The nurse may have to shave areas of your skin to help the patches stick.

After the patches are placed on your skin, you’ll lie still on a table while the patches detect your heart’s electrical signals. A machine will record these signals on graph paper or display them on a screen.

The entire test will take about 10 minutes.

1. Animation – оживление

2. Disorder – расстройство

3. Fluttering – волнение

4. Heartbeat – сердцебиение

5. Major – главный, основной

6. Pounding – колотиться (о сердце)

7. Painless – безболезненный

8. Patch – заплата, пластырь

9. Steady – устойчивый

10. Suggest – предполагать, предлагать

11. Screen – экран

12. Staff – персонал

13. Shave – брить

14. Spread – распространять(ся)

15. Unevenly – неровный

16. Planes – плоский, ровный

Answer the questions:

1. What is an Electrocardiogram?

2. Is electrocardiogram (EKG) painful and harmless?

3. What does an EKG show?

4. Can the test screen for early heart disease?

5. How many minutes will it take you to the entire test?

Radiological Researches

The x-ray method of research of a thorax is used for recognition, first of all, diseases of lungs – pneumonia, tuberculosis, tumors, professional defeats, and also for diagnostics of heart diseases, diseases of cardiac muscle, pericardium diseases. The method helps with recognition of changes of a backbone, lymph nodes. The x-ray method for routine inspections is widely used, in particular at identification of early symptoms of tuberculosis, tumors, professional diseases when other symptoms of these diseases still are absent. X-ray of abdominal organs carry out at a clinical picture of “a sharp stomach”, that is in the presence of complains of the patient to severe pains in a stomach. Usually thus diagnose the following diseases:

Cholecystitis, cholelithic illness

Pancreatitis

Abscesses and inflammatory diseases of abdominal organs

Gut ischemia

Acute appendicitis

Radiological research of bones and joints is carried out for recognition of the main diseases of joints – changes, tumors, inflammatory and dystrophic damage of joints. X-ray pictures of bones and joins are made in radiological offices. In drawing x-ray picture of a knee joint.Bones detain X-rays, they are well visible in pictures therefore any changes of bones – changes, cracks, reduction of the content of calcium, tumoral educations – are distinguished by means of radiological research. In pictures of joints their bone surfaces are well visible, a state the hryashchevykhof educations judge on width and a form of an articulate crack.

Radiological research of kidneys and urinary ways includes a survey X-ray analysis of a stomach when the picture, and research of urinary ways by means of contrast substances is simply made. It allows to receive the image of kidneys and urinary ways in X-ray pictures. Research objective – to receive approximate idea of an arrangement and size of kidneys, to find stones in uric ways. It is carried out in a X-ray office. The patient undresses, bares a stomach, lays down on a table of the X-ray device and pictures are made.

Radiological research of bodies of the gastrointestinal highway – the research methods, allowing to receive the image of these bodies on the screen of the X-ray device, and also to make pictures on a X-ray film.

Radiological research is applied to identification of diseases of a gullet (developmental anomalies, ulcers, tumors, narrowing of a gleam, diverticulums); stomach (ulcers, tumors), intestines (inflammatory diseases, tumors, diverticulums), and also violations of motive function of these bodies.

1. Allow- позволять

2. Arrangement - расположение

3. Approximately - ориентировочно

4. To apply- применять

5. Backbone - позвоночник

6. Bare- обнажать

7. Body – здоровый орган

8. Carry out - выполнять

9. To conduct – проводить исследование

10. Crack - трещина

11. Articulate crack – суставная щель

12. Screen – экран

13. Drawing X-ray picture – нарисункеснимок

14. Detain – задерживать (лучи)

15. Distinguish - распознавать

16. Developmental anomalies – порок развития

17. Education - образование

18. Image- изображение

19. Inflammation - воспаление

20. Identification - выявление

21. Tumor - опухоль

22. Thorax- грудная клетка

23. Research - исследование

24. Reduction - уменьшение

25. Recognition - распознать

26. Severe - острый

27. Stomach - желудок

28. Survey - обширный

29. Substance - вещество

30. Unpleasant - неприятный

31. Violation - двигательная функция

32. Office - кабинет

33. X-ray device – рентген аппарат

34. Make – производить снимки

35. X-ray film – рентгенологическая пленка

Answer the questions:

1. What does the thorax X-ray allow to receive?

2. Is the X-ray method of research of a thorax used for recognition of lungs diseases?

3. Where is the X-ray research of a thorax made?

4. Does the patient feel any unpleasant feelings?

5. Name the main diseases of bones and joints?

6. What allows to receive the image of kidneys and urinary ways in X-ray pictures?

Временные формы Indefinite (Simple) в действительном и страдательном залоге.

Если подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, совершающий действие, то глагол употребляется в форме действительного залога:

The sun attracts the planets. – Солнцепритягиваетпланеты.

Если же подлежащее обозначает лицо или предмет, подвергающийся действию со стороны другого лица или предмета, то глагол употребляется в форме страдательного залога:

The planets are attracted by the sun. – ПланетыпритягиваютсяСолнцем.

Общая формула образования страдательного залога:

Tobe + причастие II