- •Its forms and usage
- •1.1.1.2. Masculine nouns with stressed о, е, ё in the final syllaЫe of the stem
- •1.1.4. Ldiomatic expressions and set-phrases
- •1.2. Feminine gender nouns in the genitive case singular
- •1.2.1. The endings -ы and -и.
- •1.3.2. The ten neuter gender nouns which end in -мя in nominative singular
- •1.4. 1.4. Dropping the singular ending -а
- •1.4.1.Б. Retention of the nominative singular form as the genitive plural form
- •1.4.1.5. Dropping the singular ending -ин
- •1.4.2. Feminine gender nouns in the genitive plural 1.4.2.1. Dropping the singular ending -а
- •1.4.2.3. Dropped ending -а or -я and the insertion of а 'fleeting vowel'
- •1.4.З.2. Dropping of -е/-о ending and the insertion of the 'fleeting vowel' е
- •1.4.4. Nouns that have no singular form
- •1.4.3.5. Neuter gender nouns that end in -мя in nominative singular
- •1.4.4. 1. Zero-ending
- •1.4.4.2. The endings -ов and -ев
- •1.4.5. Adjectival nouns
- •1.S.1. Adjectives
- •1.S.1.1. Hard stem in singular
- •1.5.1.2. Soft stem in singular
- •1.5. 1.3. Exceptions in singular
- •1.5.1.4. Plural
- •1.5.2. Participles
- •1. 7.3. Lndicative pronouns
- •2.1. Дdnominal genitive 2.1.1. Ownership/possession
- •2.1.2. :Relatio
- •2. 1.4.1. Тпе асегп of action
- •2.1.4.2. The object of action
- •2.1.5.2. Lndefinite quantity
- •2.1.6. The partitive genitive
- •2.1. 7. The nouns following adjectives and participles
- •2.1.8. Genitive case of time
- •2.2. Adverblal genitive 2.2.1. Object of а verb
- •Verbs and adverbs
- •2. 2. З. Nouns used with transitive verbs
- •2.2.4. The genitive case of negation
- •2.2.4.1. {А) lmpersonal constructions
- •2.2.4.4. (D) Negative verbal adverbs or participles
- •2.2.4.5. (Е) Stressed absolute negation
- •2.2.4.3. (С) Direct object with negation
- •2.2.4.6. (F) Set phrases with negation
- •2.2.4. 7. {G) Direct object is an abstract noun or pronoun
- •3.1.1. Simple primary prepositions
- •Imple adverblal prepositions
- •3.2. Complex prepositions
- •3. 2. 2. Complex nominal prepositions
- •3.2.5. Prepositions followed exclusively Ьу the genitive case
- •3.3.3. Ввиду - in view of, as, since
- •3.3.5. Взамен - instead of, in place of
- •3.3.6. Вместо - instead of, in place of
- •3.3.8. Внизу- at the foot of, at the bottom of
- •3.3.11. Возле - Ьу, oear, close Ьу
- •3.3.12. Вокруг - around, round
- •3.3.14. Вроде - like, not unlike, such as
- •3.3.15. Вследствие - owing to, on account of, in consequence of
- •3.3.42. Против - against, opposite
- •3.4.3. Special uses of douЫe prepositions
- •3.5.8. Независимо от- irrespective of
- •3.6.11. 8 Знак- as а sign of, as а token of
- •3.6.26. В порядке- in order of, as а matter of
- •3.6.27. В продолжение- during, for, in the course of
- •3.6.28. В pamкax-within the framework of
- •3.6.51. По причине- for the reason of, because of
- •3. 7. Genitive case prepositional constructions with complex verbal prepositions
- •3. 7. 1. Исходя из - proceeding from
3.2.5. Prepositions followed exclusively Ьу the genitive case
без without
близ ввиду вдоль взамен
вместо
вне
внизу внутри внутрь возле вокруг впереди вроде вследствие
near, close Ьу, close to in view of, аз, since along
instead of, in return for,
in exchange for instead of, in place of outside, out of
at the foot of, at the bottom of
inside, within
into inside
Ьу, close Ьу, near around, round
in front of, before like, not unlike
owing to, on account of,
in consequence of
56
N.Rf'Л
RUSSIAN GENIТ/VE: /TS FORMS AND USAGE
57
для ДО
з из-за
из-под асательно роме
имо
наверху накануне
на подобие напротив насчёт
ниже
около
от относительно поверх
подле
позади помимо поперёк порядка посредине
(посередине) (colloquial) после
посреди
посредством
прежде
против
путём
ради
сбоку
сверх
свыше
for
as far as, till, up to, until, Ьetore from, of, out of
from around, from behind
1
because of, owing to
from under
touching, concerning except, besides разт, Ьу
above, on top of
on the eve of, shortly before, not long before
like, not unlike
opposite
as regards, concerning, about, of lower than, shorter than
about, around, Ьу, near, close to from
concerning, relative to, about over
Ьу the side of behind
besides, apart from, without across
of the order of in the middle of
after, since
in the midst of
Ьу means of, Ьу the use of before
against, opposite Ьу means of
for the sake of
from one side, on one side over, besides, above, beyond over, beyond
58
н.RуаЛ
сзади снизу среди у
behind from below
in the midst of at. Ьу, near
з.з. Examples of prepositional constructions
ln some cases prepositional constructions correspond to the Er,glish translations and do not present any amblguity. There does поt seem to ье any diversity of relational meanings within the groups of each of the above prepositional constructions, but this is not always the case, as the following examples of ger1itive case prepositional constructions with primary, simple adverЬial and simple nominal repositions would demonstrate.
З.З. 1. БЕЗ - without
The principal meaning of this preposition is "without".
Это чай без сахара. This is tea without sugar.
Он написал диктант без ошибок. Не wrote а dictation without
any mistakes.
Трудно жить без друзей. lt is difficult to live without friends. Лета прошло без дождей. The summer passed without rain. EXPRESSIONS IN FREQUENT ИSЕ:
без сомнения without а douЫ
без исключения without exception
без цели without any aim, to по purpose, aimless
И без того плахо. lt is bad enough without that.
The preposition без besides its principal meaning "without, minus" also has an important lexical function in time expression. lt is used to tell the time.
без пяти минут два (без пяти два)
без двадцати минут три (без двадцати три)
без четверти пять а quarter to five
lt is also used to indicate incomplete period of time.
Они У нас прежили без двух недель гад. They lived with us two weeks short of а year (а year minus two weeks).
RИSS!AN GENIТ!VE: /TS FORMS AND USAGE
five minutes to two
(two o'clock minus five minutes) twenty minutes to three
59
3.3.2.
БЛИЗ/ВБЛИЗИ - near, close Ьу, close to
The prepositions близ/вблизи are used to indicate proximity of objects in space.
1-/ой дом стоит близ реки. Му house is near the river.
Иван живёт близ парка. lvan lives near а park.
Вблизи моря летом обычно бывает прохладно. lt is normally
cool near the sea in the summer.
The adverЬial prepositions близ/вблизи (as \,Vell as возле
окопо, подле) perform the same basic function as the primary prepo: sitions у and при but with greater accuracy. Близ/вблизи are used in spatial contexts to indicate closeness or proximity and although they are synonymous to the prepositions возле, около, подле, they express different shade of meaning. The prepositions близ/вблизи are usedto indicate indefinite spatial proximity whereas the prepositions возпе
'
около, подле are used to indicate more precise accurate closeness
1
extreme spatial closeness.
Вблизи нашей дачи был густой лес. There is а thickforestnear
our dacha (just somewhere near).
« ... Бродя вблизи пустынных вод ... » (Лермонтов). " ... Wondering
Ьу deserted sea ... " (Lermontov).
Зимой кошка любит спать возле камина. ln the winter time
the cat likes to sleep near the fireplace.
Ребёнок стоял около матери. The child was standing at his
mother's side.
Когда я читаю, моя собака любит сидеть подле меня. When
1 am reading, my dog likes to sit Ьу my side.