- •Contents
- •Part 2. Academic writing practice 113
- •Part 3. Texts on interdisciplinary research for abstracting and annotating 132
- •Part 4. Topics for postgraduate exam 156 Supplementary file 162
- •Bibliography 256 Мои интернет-ресурсы 260
- •Методическая записка
- •Диаграмма междисциплинарного пособия по английскому языку
- •Part 1. Discussing scientific issues Unit 1. Modern system of higher education in Russia
- •1 ) Complete these sentences with the key vocabulary words in the form required
- •2) Choose one of the words to complete the sentences
- •3)* This text is from informational booklet about a college. Choose one of two variants in every case.
- •2) Compare engineering educational systems in different countries. Visit the website http://www.Answers.Com/topic/engineer
- •5) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •1) The following sentences are mixed formal and informal. Write f (formal) or I (informal) after each sentence and prove your answer.
- •2) Fill in the gaps of the tables given below with an appropriate word
- •3) Visit the website given below and do a quiz “Formal letter vocabulary”
- •4) Correct the mistakes in the following business letter
- •Unit 2. Universities as scientific centers. My university.
- •I nsert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •2) Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the box
- •3) Look at the idioms below. Each one is in some way connected to university life. Match each idiom with its definition.
- •4) Complete the sentences below by using one of the idioms above. Some of them can be used more than once.
- •1) Discuss education in different countries in pairs or in small groups and read short students’ interviews about studying in the uk
- •2)* Decide if the following statements are true or false
- •4) Listen to the recording once again and match words and phrases with their meaning
- •5) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a report
- •Outline
- •The Art of the Soluble
- •The Shock of the Not Quite New
- •The early evolution of the telescope
- •1 ) Complete these sentences with the key vocabulary words in the form required
- •2) Study гост 8.417-2002. Единицы величин: http://nolik.Ru/systems/gost.Htm
- •3) Match the name of the physical unit (column a) with its обозначение (column b) and the scientist whose name was given to the unit (Column c)
- •1) Read a short article about history of telecommunication and discuss it in pairs or in small groups
- •2) Match words and phrases from the text with their meaning
- •3 ) Visit the website given below and listen to a telecommunications expert talking about the most recent developments and current situation in this sector.
- •4)* Listen to the recording once again and decide whether the statements are true or false
- •5) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •3) Work in pairs and check your groupmate’s letter using the criteria for assessment of appendix 8
- •Unit 4. Science and engineering in the modern world
- •The beginning of space race
- •1) Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian
- •2) Read the short text below. Use the words given in capitals below the passage to form the new words fitting the corresponding spaces in the text.
- •Европейская наука
- •1) Read a short article about url and discuss it in pairs or in small groups
- •2) Analyze the website addresses given below from the point of view of their structural components (See exercise 1 for reference)
- •3 ) Listen to Jason Hadington, an expert in Internet search and discuss the ways of finding information in pairs or in small groups
- •4) Are the following sentences true or false?
- •5)* Match the websites with the information that can be got from them
- •Letter giving information
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a letter giving information
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •3) Work in pairs and check your groupmate’s letter using the Criteria for assessment of appendix 8
- •Sms language
- •1 ) Study brief information about sms / e-mail language and sms / e-mail symbols and compose your sms or e-mail using sms / e-mail language for your classmates.
- •Ask Dr. H: “Who Do You Credit For Your Scientific Interests?”
- •1) Match words and their meaning
- •2) Explain the following abbreviations and acronyms, translate them in Russian
- •3) Find the words and phrases in the text which are synonymic to the following once:
- •4)* Read a short article about nanotechnology and fill in the gaps with the correct word or phrase from the box
- •Nanotechnology
- •Visual aid
- •1) Read a short article about visual aid
- •2 ) Listen to the conversation about using visuals in a presentation
- •3) Listen to the conversation again and fill in the gaps
- •5) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small group?
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a letter of apology
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •2) Look through the letter of apology given below and define a topic of each paragraph
- •3) Choose one of the following situations a) or b) to write a letter of apology
- •4) Work in pairs and check your groupmate’s letter using the Criteria for assessment of appendix 8
- •How to Find Mechanical Engineering Jobs
- •The future of engineering in Russia
- •1 ) Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English
- •2)* Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •3) Fill the gaps with the words and phrases from the box. The meaning of the missing word or phrase is in the brackets.
- •Study the diagram of ways of finding a job and discuss it in pairs or in small groups
- •Employment agencies
- •Job fair
- •2 ) Listen to the tips of successful job interview
- •3) Listen to the tape once again and fill in the gaps
- •3) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing
- •Interests and achievements
- •Outline
- •Interests
- •2) Imagine you have seen a job advertisement and really want to apply for this job. Prepare your cv, use appendix 7 for sample of cv.
- •1 ) Visit the website given below and a job advertisement for engineers you are interested in. Prepare your cv for this advertisement.
- •Moscow Region to get its own collider
- •1) Read the article once again, find international words, and fill up the following table
- •2) Using a dictionary translate the following words and explain their meaning
- •3) Highlight the following words in the text:
- •1) Read a short article about electrical engineering and its inventions and answer the questions given below.
- •3)* Are the following sentences true or false?
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a letter of application
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •2) Arrange the following extracts from a letter of application
- •3) Here are job advertisements. Look through these advertisements, choose one of them,
- •2) Imagine that you are a young scientist and have made a very important invention. But how to patent it? Compose a brief presentation «How to patent an invention/idea» using the following website
- •Turning up the heat on quantum mechanics
- •1)* Match words and phrases from the text with their meaning
- •2) Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •Плавящийся при охлаждении кремний создан учёными
- •1) Read a short article about computer science
- •2) Listen to an interview of James Heather, a lecturer in computer science at the University of Surry, speaking about his invention and fill in the gaps
- •3) Answer the questions
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a cover letter
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •2) Write a cover letter for cv you have already written in previous units. Use appendix 7 for sample of cover letter.
- •W riting a scholarly article
- •Unit 9. Great scientific events of the modern world
- •The Nobel Prizes
- •1 ) Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English
- •2)* Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •3) Complete these sentences with the key vocabulary words in the form required
- •1) Visit website of Clay Mathematics Institute (cmi) http://www.Claymath.Org/poincare/index.Html
- •2) Watch John Tate's and Michael Atiyah's lectures on the Millennium Problems
- •1) Read a short article about graphene, the invention that got Nobel Prize in 2010
- •2 ) Visit the website given below, watch and listen to Willard s. Boyle’ s Nobel Speech about his invention
- •3) Listen to the tape once again and fill in the gaps
- •4) Prepare a report to compare the importance of invention of graphene and ccd – an extension of man’s vision for science and people
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a reference letter
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •Unit 10. International supporting programs for students and young scientists
- •The Young Scientist Program
- •Support Program for Students, Graduate Students, and Young Scientists
- •Give Young Scientists a Break
- •1 ) Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian
- •2) Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •Программы поддержки и гранты для научной молодежи
- •1) Read a short article about hbs given below
- •2) Visit the website given below to listen to the interview with PreMba Program Administrators and a Participating Student
- •3)* Are the following statements true or false?
- •4) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing a letter of complaint
- •Outline
- •Introduction
- •3) Work in pairs and check your groupmate’s letter using the Criteria for assessment of appendix 8
- •1 ) Visit the website of the Polytechnical University and compose a brief presentation about international activity of our university. Use appendix 4 to evaluate your groupmate’s presentation.
- •Unit 11. Science and global problems
- •Global Warming
- •1 ) * Translate the following English words and phrases
- •2) Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •3) Complete the following table. Use the dictionary if necessary
- •4) Complete the text by choosing a word from the table
- •Глобальные проблемы современности
- •1) Read a short article about greenhouse effect
- •2) Visit the website given below to listen to the radio talk about causes and effects of climate change
- •3) Are the following statements true or false? If the sentence is false give the correct answer.
- •4) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •Outline
- •Writing the draft
- •1 ) Prepare a presentation about the things we can do to reduce global warming. You can use the website address given below to get more information.
- •2) Visit the website address
- •Scientific misconduct
- •Forms of scientific misconduct
- •1) Mach the words from the text with their definitions
- •2) Insert the missing prepositions if necessary
- •3)* Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the table
- •Ethics and science
- •4) Complete the following table. Use a dictionary if necessary
- •1) Study and discuss the following definition of science and the schematic diagram below
- •2) Listen to Laura Grant speaking about education of science
- •3) Are the following sentences true or false?
- •4) Listen to the tape once again and fill in the gaps
- •5) Discuss the following questions in pairs or in small groups
- •1) Study the following information about ways of writing an agenda
- •Outline
- •Part 2. Academic writing practice Preparing grant proposal
- •1. Cover sheet
- •2. Table of contents
- •3. Project summary
- •4. Project description
- •5. Reference cited
- •6. Biographical sketches
- •7. Budget
- •Writing a scholarly article
- •I. Prewriting
- •II. Literature review
- •III. Citations. Quotations, paraphrases and summaries
- •IV. Writing the draft
- •V. Revision of the final draft
- •Part 3. Texts on interdisciplinary research for abstracting and annotating
- •Carbon nanotubes: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
- •Prizewinning nanoparticle based ‘sharkskin’ for aeroplanes, ships and wind energy plants
- •Pyrolysis and gasification of food waste: syngas characteristics and char gasification kinetics
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Background
- •3. Experimental
- •4. Results and discussion
- •5. Conclusions
- •Validation of a model-based virtual trials method for tight glycemic control in intensive care
- •Introduction
- •Validation Analysis
- •Insertable surgical imaging device with pan, tilt, zoom, and lighting
- •I. Introduction
- •II. Prototype Device
- •III. Experiments and Results
- •IV. Conclusions and future work
- •Instability of pump-turbines during start-up in turbine mode
- •Introduction
- •1. Numerical flow simulation
- •2. Validation
- •3. Procedures to analyze fluxes
- •4. Results
- •5. Conclusions
- •Сделай сам: четырехколесный WiFi Robot на базе Mini-itx «материнки»
- •Ученые создали имплантируемую биологическую антенну для мониторинга организма
- •Проблема создания нанороботов
- •Вибрационные ветровые панели как альтернатива ветровым турбинам
- •Графен: материал будущего, или головная боль для ученых?
- •О возможности оптимизации инвестиционной политики при замене электрооборудования
- •Part 4. Topics for postgraduate exam List of topics for post-graduate exam
- •My scientific interests. My research diploma project.
- •Global problems and ways of their solution
- •3. Modern system of higher education in Russia
- •4. St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University as a scientific center. My department.
- •Contemporary scientific events
- •Researches, discoveries and innovations in English-speaking countries
- •Researches, discoveries and innovations in Russia
- •Prospects of work in my professional field
- •Supplementary file
- •Appendix 1. Additional articles
- •Text 1. Undergraduate Education: Types of Schools
- •Text 2 Educating the nation
- •Text 3
- •Unit 2 Science matters! The importance of scientific literacy.
- •Unit 3 Text 1. How the Hubble Telescope Will Die
- •Text 2. A Brief History of Engineering
- •Unit 4 Text 1. Computer and computer science
- •Text 2. The century-old artifact that defines the kilogram, the fundamental unit of mass, is to be replaced by a more accurate standards based on an invariant property of nature
- •Unit 5 The importance of physics: breakthroughs drive economy, quality of life
- •Unit 6 Career of engineer
- •Unit 7 Text 1. Science in Russia
- •Text 2. Smart Russia
- •Unit 8 High-energy Large Hadron Collider results published
- •Unit 9 The Millennium Prize for resolution of the Poincaré conjecture History and Background
- •Unit 10 Meeting with scientists
- •Unit 11 Climate changes
- •Unit 12 Speculations on the future of science
- •Appendix 2. Power Point presentation
- •Appendix 3. Strategies for oral presentations
- •8. Write your own humorous material.
- •Appendix 4. Oral presentation evaluation form
- •Introduction
- •Visual aids
- •Appendix 5. Body language
- •Appendix 6. Samples of grant proposal documents
- •Irex Special Projects in Library and Information Science with Central and Eastern Europe and Eurasia
- •Initial Goals
- •Appendix 7. Samples of business letters Structure of formal letter
- •Structure of informal letter
- •Sample of report
- •Site accident report
- •Introduction
- •Sample of letter of request
- •Sample of letter giving information
- •Sample of letter of apology
- •Sample of cv (Curriculum Vitae)
- •5) Affiliations:
- •Sample of letter of application
- •Sample of cover letter
- •Sample of letter of recommendation
- •Sample of letter of complaint
- •1) What is the topic of each paragraph?
- •2) Is it formal or informal letter? Is it mild or strong? Prove it.
- •Sample of memo
- •A) Company health club b) New general manager c) New sales manager d) Closure of cafeteria e) Meeting postponed f) Conference rooms
- •Sample of agenda
- •Appendix 8. Criteria for letter assessment
- •Appendix 9. Computer-assisted language learning environment
- •Example of the task fulfilled with the use of British National Corpus
- •Appendix 10. Guidelines for synopses and annotations
- •Appendix 11. Written practice exercises
- •Unit 10
- •Unit 11 Revision
- •Unit 12 Revision
- •Appendix 12. Intercultural communication
- •Appendix 13. Tests
- •I. Match words and phrases with their definitions
- •II. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English
- •III. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the box
- •V. Answer the questions
- •I. Match words and phrases with their definitions
- •II. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English
- •III. Translate the following words and phrases from English into Russian
- •IV. Fill in the gaps with the words and phrases from the box
- •V. Answer the questions
- •Appendix 14. Key to tasks for self-checking
- •Bibliography
Unit 7 Text 1. Science in Russia
Ever since the Soviet Union fell apart in 1991, Russian leaders have been vowing to transform their old-line, industrial society into a modern, knowledge-based economy driven by innovative science and technology. The current Russian president, Dmitry Medvedev, has repeated that ambition frequently — not least as a way to overcome Russia’s dependence on oil and gas exports. Unfortunately, that transformation continues to be hobbled by outdated attitudes at the top of Russia’s academic hierarchy.
A small, but telling example came to light last month when the popular online newspaper gazeta.ru published an interview with Yuri Osipov (in Russian), president of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow. Pressed by the reporter about the very low citation rate for articles published in Russian-language science journals, Osipov dismissed the relevance of citation indices, questioned the need for Russian scientists to publish in foreign journals and said that any top-level specialist “will also study Russian and read papers in Russian”.
From anyone else, such a response might be dismissed as an off-hand comment, perhaps reflecting a bit of stung national pride. But Osipov is head of the largest and most powerful research organization in Russia, the employer of around 50,000 scientists in more than 400 research institutes, and the publisher of some 150 Russian-language research journals. What he says and thinks has a big effect on Russian science. Moreover, the undercurrent of scientific nationalism in his remarks is widely shared by other senior members of the academic establishment — many of whom are products of Soviet times, when Russian science was pretty much an all-Russian affair.
According to the US National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 report, even 20 years later there is a still steady decrease in the number of scientists in Russia. What is also eye-catching, number of domestic researchers draws level with Europe and the United States. Where as China continues to show very strong grow. China has approximately as many researchers as either the United States or the European Union (EU)!
According to the citation-analysis company Thomson Scientific, Russia is eighteenth among countries ranked by citations in the scientific literature over the past 10 years. That is a result not just of low overall funding but because management of basic science still stands on the concepts of a closed society, with a centralized administration inherited from the days of the Soviet Union. This leads to the absence of international peer review and to little motivation for scientists to produce international-level scientific results — they do not really need them to get funding from national sources. In addition, centralized funding of institutions, rather than of individual scientists, leads to resources being wasted.
Between 2004 and 2008, Thomson Reuters indexed 125,778 papers that listed at least one author address in Russia. Of those papers, the highest percentage appeared in journals categorized in the field of physics, followed by space science. As the right-hand column shows, the citations-per-paper (impact) average for physics papers from Russia during 2004-08 was 14% below the world impact figure for the field (3.57 citations per paper for Russia, versus a world figure of 4.16 cites).
Russian science is already lagging behind that of other nations. According to an analysis published in January by Thomson Reuters, Russia produced just 2.6% of the research papers published between 2004 and 2008 and indexed by the firm — fewer than China (8.4%) and India (2.9%) and only slightly more than the Netherlands (2.5%). Moreover, Russia’s publication output has remained almost flat since 1981, even as the output of nations such as India, Brazil and China was exploding. The situation is so bleak that in October last year, 185 Russian expatriate scientists signed an open letter to Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin warning of an imminent collapse of Russian science unless something was done to improve the inadequate funding, strategic planning and teaching of science.
The Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1725, is the chief coordinating body for scientific research in Russia through its science councils and commissions. It has sections of physical, technical, and mathematical sciences; chemical, technological, and biological sciences, and earth sciences, and controls a network of nearly 300 research institutes. The Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, founded in 1929, has departments of plant breeding and genetics; arable farming and the use of agricultural chemicals; feed and fodder crops production; plant protection; livestock production; veterinary science; mechanization, electrification, and automation in farming; forestry; the economics and management of agricultural production; land reform and the organization of land use; land reclamation and water resources; and the storage and processing of agricultural products. It controls a network of nearly 100 research institutes. It supervises a number of research institutes, experimental and breeding stations, dendraria and arboreta. The Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, founded in 1944, has departments of preventive medicine, clinical medicine, and medical and biological sciences, and controls a network of nearly 100 research institutes.
The Russian Federation in 2002 had 3,415 scientists and engineers, and 579 technicians engaged in research and development (R and D) per million people. In the same period, R and D expenditures totaled $14,733.916 million, or 1.24% of GDP. Of that amount, the largest portion, 58.4%, came from government sources, while business accounted for 30.8%. Higher education, private nonprofit organizations and foreign sources accounted for 0.3%, 0.1% and 8%, respectively. High technology exports in 2002 totaled $2.897 billion, or 13% of the country's manufactured exports.
Russia has nearly 250 universities and institutes offering courses in basic and applied sciences. In 1987-97, science and engineering students accounted for 50% of university enrollment.
Check your comprehension
~ What are the results of US National Science Foundation (NSF) Science and Engineering Indicators 2010 report
~ When was the Russian Academy of Sciences founded?
http://olexandrisayev.com/2010/science-in-russia
http://library.by/portalus/modules/english_russia/referat_readme.php?subaction=showfull&id=1188910373&archive=&start_from=&ucat=28&