2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту:

   1. Where was the earliest form of democracy?

2. What is a representative democracy?

3. Why was the earliest form of democracy in ancient Greece not entirely democratic?

4. What happened in 1492?

5. Were England, Spain, France, too far away from their colonies?

6. Why did the people in these colonies grow increasingly unhappy with the countries that governed the colonies?

7. What was the main reason why the colonists were dissatisfied with England?

8. What events led to the American Revolution?

9. Did the USA have a constitution in place by 1780 or by 1789?

10. Did the democracy in the USA mean that everyone was represented?

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты:

   1. представлять (интересы)

   2. выбирать (голосованием)

   3. землевладелец

   4. рабы

   5. гражданин

6. эффективно

6. торговля

7. независимость

8. к сожалению

9. право

4. Заполните пропуски в предложениях следующими словами:

unfortunately explore increasingly ancient unfair trade democracy prevent population protect

1. Scientist discovered an … civilization recently.

2. A … is a system of government in which people vote to choose the people who will govern them.

3. Less than 40% of the … voted in the last election.

4. He wants to … new functions of the human brain.

5. Spain wants to develop its … with the Philippines

6. Are you prepared to … yourself in case of attack?

7. Her job is becoming … difficult.

8. …, Jack is leaving the company.

9. Regular cleaning may help … infection.

10. It is … that not everyone got the chance to vote.

Text 5

1. Прочитайте текст

Communism and dictatorship

A revolution in 1917 changed Russia into a Communist country. As Russia combined with some of its neighbors, the new country was called the Soviet Union. The nation was built on the principles of Communism: that government should exist to control the nation's wealth and distribute it fairly and equally to all of its citizens. Communism was therefore a combination of government and economic policy. Unfortunately, the effort to redistribute wealth had violent consequences. People who owned property did not want to have it taken away and given to others. The Soviet Union, led by a violent ruler named Joseph Stalin, had many millions of people murdered in order to implement his view of a Communist society.

Other countries, including China, Cuba, and several countries in Eastern Europe, established Communism as well. These countries eliminated the freedom of people to practice their religions, open their own businesses, and even leave their country. Power was concentrated in the hands of a very few people, which was the opposite goal of Communism in the first place. Joseph Stalin and many other Communist leaders are often called dictators. A dictator rules a nation through violent means, and he often suppresses, or puts down, any attempt to oppose the leader or to improve the conditions of the people. Stalin in the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Benito Mussolini in Italy were among the

most notorious dictators of the 20th century. They arranged for the deaths of millions of people in order to keep power.

Mussolini defined a certain type of dictatorship that characterized many governments in the 20th century. Previously, dictators were mostly concerned with military power, but Mussolini believed that the power of the state should encompass absolutely everything in society. This totality of power is known as totalitarianism, or rule by the government over every part of social life. Another name for it is Fascism, a belief that the government has total authority over the individual, and that individuals must contribute to the improvement of the state. As the 20th century drew to a close, it proved impossible for most Communist dictatorships to hold onto power. The Soviet Union collapsed in 1990. But dictatorships and totalitarian states still thrived in many regions, including Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East.