Людина і закон

1. Права і свободи людини Rights and Freedoms of a Citizen

We live in a modern and democratic society that guarantees us the freedom in many respects. Everyone is a citizen of a country. The state is obliged to grant a number of civil and political rights to citizens. In turn, we have corresponding duties and responsibilities included in the Constitution. Furthermore, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and European Convention on Human Rights provide protection for fundamental human rights and make them binding. To begin with, the fundamental rights of the Constitution are divided into civil, political, social, cultural and economic ones.

Civil rights and freedoms include:

• the right to life and liberty,

 -  the right to privacy of correspondence and other communications,

• freedom of expression ,

• the right to freedom of religion and beliefs.

Political rights and freedoms include:

• the right to freedom of association into political parties and public organizations,

• the right to participate in the administration of state affairs

• the right to assemble peacefully meetings, processions, and demonstrations.

Among the main social and economic rights, first and foremost, should be considered:

- the right to a standard of living including nutrition, clothing and housing.

- the right to entrepreneurial activity

- the right to work, including a possibility to earn a living by free choice of employment

- the right to health protection, medical care and medical insurance

- the right to financial security in cases of disability and unemployment 

Cultural rights include:

• the right to education

• the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, and technical creative activities. 

To sum up, everyone should use his rights in a way that does not violate civil rights of others. People should endeavor for active participation in social and political affairs of the nation by means of their rights and freedoms.

2. Закон на захисті людини

We live in a modern and democratic society that guarantees us the freedom and protection in many respects. The state is obliged to grant a number of civil and political rights to citizens. To begin with, the Constitution, Universal Declaration of Human Rights and European Convention on Human Rights provide protection for fundamental human rights and make them binding. The fundamental rights are divided into civil, political, social, cultural and economic ones.

Civil rights and freedoms include:

- the right to life and liberty

- prohibition of slavery and forced or compulsory labour

- the right to a fair trial and an effective remedy (юр защита)

- prohibition of torture

- freedom of religion and thought

-the right to privacy of correspondence and other communications

-freedom of expression

Political rights and freedoms include:

• the right to freedom of association

• the right to participate in the administration of state affairs

• the right to assemble meetings, processions, and demonstrations.

Among the main social and economic rights, first and foremost, should be considered:

- the right to a standard of living including nutrition, clothing and housing.

- the right to entrepreneurial activity

- the right to work, including a possibility to earn a living by free choice of employment

- the right to health protection, medical care and medical insurance

- the right to financial security in cases of disability and unemployment 

Cultural rights include:

• the right to education

• the freedom of literary, artistic, scientific, and technical creative activities. 

To sum up, the Constitution and the European Convention on Human Rights guarantee the protection for citizens and regulate all legal facets. Everyone should use his rights in a way that does not violate rights of others.

3. Правопорушення. Злочини Misdemeanours and crimes

Our society constantly faces two types of crimes such as misdemeanour and felony.  Misdemeanours include petty theft, vandalism, speeding, red light jumping 

and driving without a license or insurance. To begin with, a misdemeanour is punishable by imprisonment or fine. The examples of felonies are burglary, robbery, murder and manslaughter. The most widespread crimes are housebreaking, homicide, murder, mugging and burglary in our society. Some of them result in body injuries or death of victims. Moreover, women and children often become victims of domestic violence that impacts them at all levels of society. Women generally do not speak publicly about domestic violence because of the many social taboos connected with the subject. Some women feel ashamed of the abuse and will not seek help from the legal system. Furthermore, vandalism has become one of the heaviest issues among teenagers. It is considered to be a crime against beauty in order to get back their parents’ attention, who are always busy with their work and household chores. In addition, human trafficking and kidnapping are the most worldwide crimes, because every day hundreds of thousands of people are forced and lured into a lifetime of cruel treatment by their captors. Children are often targets of a gruesome and strenuous labour.

Every crime must be punished for it not to be repeated. There are many different types of punishment depending on the kind of crime, jurisdiction and other factors such as revocation of a privilege, court warning, suspended sentence, fine, imprisonment or community service.

To sum up, a crime is a social issue thus if people desire to decrease its rate, they should start to combat crime changing their moral and social principles at large.

18. Расові упередження в 21 столітті Racial preconceptions

Nowadays the issue of racial preconceptions only increases in our society.

To begin with, mixed people are bigoted against their own heredity. There are purists that hate mixed race. Sometimes colouring people face malicious actions. Purists are clinging to external distinctions but forget that all people are equal. Those who perpetuate the idea that individuals of ethnic groups they don't fit into society cruel, perhaps through unintentional thoughtlessness. They ignore the damage their personal agendas can inflict upon the sense of self circumstances of others. Moreover, racial preconceptions can be harmful because a race-related stress impacts the physical, psychological and social well-being of mixed people. Recent research finds that people faced with such kind of stress have more rapid development of coronary heart disease. Furthermore, women who report high levels of discrimination give birth to babies who are lower in birth weight. Adherents of the 'one drop' rule have misconceptions advocating and enforcing monoracial doctrine. People are blends of different ethnic groups but nevertheless it is a race-obsessed society. None of us is exactly the same as any other.

To sum up, people should accept this reality is the only way to prevent and overcome the imposition of racial stereotypes. They should understand this and understand each other to have future worth aspiring to.

4. Проблеми екології

13. Шляхи захисту навколишнього середовища Environmental protection ways

People often say that the Earth is our home or our mother. Nowadays our planet, however, is in danger because human-made activities are constantly deteriorating the quality of the environment that eventually leads to the loss of survival condition on the Earth. There are a large number of environmental issues such as ozone layer depletion, urban smog, deforestation, acid rains, air pollution and global warming. Here are some ways to protect our environment.

1. Minimize plastic items use:

1. Turn down using of straws. It abuses our nature, thus people can minimize danger by using straws made of paper, glass or steel.

2. Use biodegradable shopping bags, for instance, shopping bags made of cotton or flax

3. Say no to disposable forks, spoons and chopsticks. It is better to buy a set of utensils in a holder.

4. Stop or at least reduce the number of plastic water bottles.

2. Recycle waste instead of sending it to the landfill.

3. Reduce the use of aerosol spray cans containing CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) gases that destroy the ozone layer.

4. Reforest! Trees improve area water quality and help make the ground more fertile for other plants absorbing carbon dioxide and emitting oxygen.

5. Use fewer chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides because they contaminate soil and water.

6. Reduce and manage vehicular emissions to inhale pure air.

To sum up, I think that people can make a difference with these steps, stimulate the biodiversity and keep pollutants away. It is not too late to save our mother Earth from being deteriorated.

14. Екологічна небезпека в глобальному та місцевому масштабах. Можно еще чтото

People often say that the Earth is our home or our mother. However, nowadays our green planet is in danger because human-made activities are constantly deteriorating the quality of the environment that eventually leads to the loss of survival condition on the Earth.

To begin with, the oceans turned into giant plastic waste dumps. Plastic pollution is a burning issue because plastics are non-biodegradable. Plastic has a dangerous influence on marine life, wildlife and human`s health. Approximately seven million tons of plastic is dumped into the world’s oceans each year. It is found even in the bodies of marine species. In addition, there are other environmental issues related to the oceans, for example dumping of hazardous waste and oil spillage. The second extremely dangerous issue is global warming due to carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gases causing the increase in the Earth`s surface temperature. Deforestation is the third common ecological issue that results in desertification, soil corrosion and erosion, flooding and biodiversity loss. Forest species are in danger; some of them are on the brink of extinction due to deforestation.

To sum up, people must live in balance with environment and reconsider their consuming attitude to nature in order to preserve ‘home’ for feature generations. It is not too late to save the mother Earth from being deteriorated.