5. State the semantic relations between the deverbal substantive and the verb it is derived from.

Model: to cheat – cheat ‘a person who behaves dishonestly in order to gain an advantage.

The semantic relation between the words making up the conversion pair to cheat – cheat is ‘agent of the action’.

1. 1) to scold – scold ‘a woman who nags or grumbles constantly’; 2) to tear – tear ‘a hole or split in something caused by it having been pulled apart forcefully’; 3) to knock – knock ‘a sudden short sound caused by a blow, especially on a door to attract attention or gain entry’; 4) to go – go ‘an attempt or trial at something’; 5) to stand – stand ‘a place where or object on which someone or something stands, sits, or rests, in particular’.

2. 1) to flirt – flirt ‘ a person who habitually flirts’; 2) to like – like(s) ‘the thing(s) one likes or prefers’; 3) to wait – wait ‘a period of waiting’; 4) to lift – lift ‘a rise in price or amount’; 5) to leak – leak ‘a hole in a container or covering through which contents, especially liquid or gas, may accidentally pass’;

6. Explain the semantic relations within the following pairs of words.

Model: skin (n) – to skin (v)

The semantic relation between skin (n) – to skin (v) is deprivation of the object ‘strip off the skin from'.

Hammer (n) – to hammer (v), monkey (n) – to monkey (v), nose (n) – to nose (v), cage (n) – to cage (v), to cut (v) – cut (n), lunch (n) – to lunch (v), winter (n) – to winter (v), to run (v) – run (n), dirt (n) – to dirt (v), cook (n) – to cook (v).

7. Each of these words change, round, yellow belongs to more than one word class. Write the correct word in the sentences below and give the word class:

1. а) The painter uses a lot of ____ in his works. b) Michael’s teeth ____ over time. c) I knew you were quiet, but I didn’t know you were ____.

2. a) As the afternoon wore on the weather ____ for the worse. b) Older people sometimes find it hard to accept ______.

3. a) I want you all to give her a big ______ of applause. b) Which hairstyles would look good with a ______ face like mine? c) You have to ______ your lips to blow into the flute. d) Tie the belt ______ your waist.

8. One of the italicized words in the following examples was made from the other by conversion. What semantic relations exist between them?

1. a) ‘You’ve got a funny nose,’ he added. b) He began to nose about. He pulled out drawer after drawer, pottering round like an old bloodhound.

2. a) I’d seen so many cases of fellows who had become perfect slaves of their valets. b) I supposed that while he had been valeting old Worplesdon Florence must have trodden on his toes in some way.

3. a) It so happened that the night before I had been present at a rather cheery little supper. b) So the next night I took him along to supper with me.

4. a) Buck seized Thorton’s hand in his teeth. b) The desk clerk handed me the key.

5. a) A small hairy object sprang from a basket and stood yapping in the middle of the room. b) There are advantages, you see, about rooming with Julia.

6. a) ‘I’m engaged for lunch, but I’ve plenty of time.’ B) There was a time when he and I had been lads about town together, lunching and dining together practically every day.

7. Use small nails and nail the picture on the wall.

8. a) Lizzie is a good cook. b) She cooks the meals in Mr Priestley house.

9. a) The wolf was suspicious and afraid. b) Fortunately, however, the second course consisted of a chicken fricassee of such outstanding excellence that the old boy, after wolfing a plateful, handed up his dinner-pail for a second installment and became almost genial.

10. Use the big hammer for those nails and hammer them in well.