- •8. Morphemic structure of words
- •Learn definitions of the following terms:
- •Problems to discuss:
- •Identify the lexical meaning of morphemes in the following words:
- •State the morphemes the differential meaning of which helps to distinguish between words in the given list.
- •Derivation
- •Learn definitions of the following terms:
- •Problems to discuss
- •Exercises
- •Identify the following words in accordance with their derivational structure: a) suffixal derivatives; b) prefixal derivatives.
- •State in the given list of words derivational bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degree of complexity: a) simple stems; b) derived stems; c) compound stems.
- •In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
- •Types of forming words. Affixation
- •Learn definitions of the following terms:
- •Point to discuss:
- •Exercises:
- •State the type and the way of forming words.
- •Identify the type of forming words.
- •Classify cases of shortening into the following groups: 1) initial shortenings; 2) medial shortening; 3) final shortening; 4) initial and final shortenings.
- •Sort out the given acronyms according to their pronunciation: 1) those that are read as ordinary English words; 2) those with the alphabetic reading.
- •In the given sentences identify the words formed by means of back-formation.
- •Define and write down the derivational base of the given nouns into the first column. Classify the derivational suffixes according to the lexico-grammatical character of the base they are added to.
- •Form appropriate words from the words in brackets by means of attaching suitable suffixes to them. Analyze the valency of the affixes in terms of the bases they are attached to.
In the following examples the italicized words are formed from the same root by means of different affixes. Translate these derivatives into Russian and explain the difference in meaning.
a) Sallie is the most amusing person in the world – and Julie Pendleton the least so.
b) Ann was wary, but amused.
a) I have been having a delightful and entertaining conversation with my old chum, Lord Wisbeach.
b) Thank you for your invitation. I’d be delighted to come.
a) Sally thinks everything is funny – even flunking – and Julia is bored at everything. She never makes the slightest effort to be pleasant.
b) – Why are you going to America? – To make my fortune, I hope. – How pleased your father will be if you do.
a) The trouble with college is that you are expected to know such a lot of things you’ve never learned. It’s very confusing at times.
b) That platform was confused mass of travellers, porters, baggage, trucks, boys with magazines, friends, relatives.
a) At last I decided that even this rather mannish efficient woman could do with a little help.
b) He was only a boy not a man yet, but he spoke in a manly way.
a) The boy’s respectful manners changed noticeably.
b) It may be a respectable occupation, but it sound rather criminal to me.
Types of forming words. Affixation
Learn definitions of the following terms:
Word-formation, word-composition, affixation, conversion, shortening, blending, acronymy / graphical abbreviation, sound-interchange, sound-imitation / onomatopoeia, back-formation, distinctive stress, suffixation, prefixation, productivity of derivational affixes, productive affixes, non-productive affixes, frequency of occurrence, valency of affixes, valency of bases.
Point to discuss:
Types of Forming Words. Main Types of Forming Words.
Minor Types of Forming Words.
Affixation. Suffixation. Classification of Suffixes.
Prefixation. Classification of Prefixes.
Productive and Non-Productive Affixes.
Valency of Affixes and Bases.
Exercises:
State the type and the way of forming words.
Model 1: impression
The type of forming the word impression is derivation. The way of forming it is affixation.
Model 2: cupboard
The type of forming the word cupboard is composition.
Pale-green, to undergo, a jump, prosperous, to night, a peace-maker, breakage, mother-in-law, international, to empty, a bridesmaid, management, narrow-minded, knowledge, a driveway, a baby-sitter, the poor, unknown, play-acting, a fall, whiteness, week-long, to dress, marriage, business, sportsman, to nurse.
Identify the type of forming words.
Coke < coca-cola; hols < holidays; crocogator; slanguage; VIP; long – length; mumble; UNO; compound (adj) – compound (v); breathe (v) – breath (n) tend < attend; Oxbridge; netizen; circs < circumstances; protest (n) – protest (v); enthuse; televise; UFO; sing – song; transceiver.
Cablegram; mark < market; FIFA; bathe (v) < bath (n); bang; cuckoo; perfect (adj) – perfect (v); shelve (v) – shelf (n); thump-thump; intuit; permit (n) – permit (v); neigh; NASA; cert < certainly; deep (adj) – depth (n); quacking; abstract (n) – abstract (v); fizz; flextime.