8. Derivation

1. Learn definitions of the following terms:

Word-derivation, derivational structure, derivational relations, simplexes / non-derived words, complexes / derivatives, derivational structure, derivational base, simple stem, derived stem, compound stem, derivational affixes, derivational patterns, structural formulas, structural patterns, structural-semantic patterns.

2. Problems to discuss

1. Derivational Structure.

2. Derivational Relations.

3. Derivational Bases.

4. Structural Classification of Derivational Bases.

5. Derivational Affixes.

6. Semantic Characteristics of Derivational Affixes.Semi-affixes.

7. 5. Derivational Patterns.

8. Structural-semantic Classification of Derivational Patterns.

3. Exercises

1. Identify the following words in accordance with their derivational structure: a) suffixal derivatives; b) prefixal derivatives.

Model: impassioned - impassion + -ed (a suffixal derivative); asystemic – a- + -systemic (a prefixational derivative).

Accountable, befriended, discovery, dishearten, disguisement, endangerment, insensible, irresponsible, impression, indefensible, impersonal, outrageous, renewable, unwomanly, unimaginable, unfriendly, undeveloped.

2. Sort out the derivational bases of the given words into three groups: 1) bases that coincide with morphological stems; 2) bases that coincide with word-forms; 3) bases that coincide with word-groups.

Model: pains-taking

The derivational base of the word pains-taking coincides with the verbal word-form –taking – the present participle (group 2).

Brown-eyed, lover, short-legged, friendliness, unemployment, widen, unprotected, single-minded, familiarity, detail, womanish, brightness, pen-friend, assess, ice-skater, unwritten, first-rateness, surprising, grass-covered, pocket, three-sided, impossible, acceptability, freestyler, laughingly, long-running, conceive, heart-breaking, thin-skinned, understandingly.

3. State in the given list of words derivational bases that coincide with morphological stems of different degree of complexity: a) simple stems; b) derived stems; c) compound stems.

Model: letter-writer

The derivational base of the word letter-writer coincides with compound morphological stem letter-writer which consists of one simple and one derived stem (group c).

Weekender, illiterateness, deepen, pencil-box, brainless, livelihood, theatre-goer, aircraftman, dance, lotion, nature-lover, redness, contain, rock-mover, office, thoughtfulness, dream, snowy, speech-maker, flower-pot, fly, flier, iron.

4. Group the words the derivational affixes of which express: 1) ‘full of / characterized by’; 2) ‘liking for’; 3) ‘similarity / resemblance’.

Talkative, careful, flowerlike, thoughtful, creative, cuboid, feathery, quarrelsome, cheerful, ladylike, babyish, bibliophile, joyful, humanoid, clockwise, wonderful, paramilitary, frolicsome, fiendish, hateful, sorrowful.

5. Combine the words the derivational affixes of which express: 1) ‘small’ or ‘not enough’; 2) ‘exceeding / a great extent’ or ‘a large amount of / a great deal of’; 3) ‘not’ / ‘without’ or ‘opposite of’.

Microsurgery, homeless, oversleep, ringlet, anti-war, priceless, duckling, reddish, disapprove, non-smoker, outgrow, superrich, underdevelopment, ageless, multicoloured, depopulated, apolitical, hypercreative, overwork, mini-market, microfilm, ultramodern, lifeless, disorder, kitchenette, mistrust, superclever, miniskirt, greenish, starlet, extra-soft, childless, countless, outlive.

6. Classify the given words into: 1) suffixal derivatives; 2) prefixal derivatives; 3) conversions; 4) compound words.

Aircraft-carrier, broaden, to winter, independent, ex-vice-president, to empty, to water, incredible, age-long, respectable, voiceless, improbable, to dry, hairdryer.

7. Give structural formulas of the following words.

Model: yellowness

The structural formula of the word yellowness is a + -sf → N. This word is suffixational derivative.

Morality, longish, rebuild, cinema-goer, to age, doubtless, to dress, incorrect, a cut, dance-lover, eastward, blonde-haired, to monkey, ex-wife, irresponsible, to light.

8. Give structural patterns of the words in the list. Identify to what parts of speech and lexical subsets affixes refer the given derivatives.

Model: diseased

The structural pattern of the word diseased is (a + n) + -ed → A. The DP signals a set of adjectives with the lexical meaning ‘affected by’.

Builder, monthly, foursome, black-haired, overwork, completion, uncorrectable, misapplication, customary, frightened.

9. Give structural-semantic patterns of the following words. Specify semantic peculiarities of derivational bases and individual meanings of affixes of the words in each set.

Model: slowly, rapidly, quickly, gradually

The structural-semantic pattern of the given words is a + -ly → D. In this DP the adjectival bases are confined to adjectives denoting speed or movement. The suffix –ly combined with these bases possesses the meaning ‘the manner, way of doing’.

1. baker, builder, repairer, waiter, writer;

2. cheerful, joyful, delightful, sorrowful, thoughtful;

3. classmate, flatmate, schoolmate, clubmate;

4. girly, birdy, horsy, doggy, foxy;

5. glassful, armful, mouthful, handful, lungful;

6. demist, defrost, deice, dewater, degas;

7. foolery, savagery, roguery, snobbery;

8. accountancy, advocacy, presidency, consultancy;

9. ex-wifw, ex-president, ex-minister, ex-secretary;

10. whitish, longish, greyish, smallish, shortish.