Модальный глагол shall

Глагол SHALL в модальном значении в основном употребляется в вопросительных предложениях.

Основные значения

ЗНАЧЕНИЕ	ПРИМЕРЫ
Предложение помощи.	Shall I help you with the papers?
Предложение плана действий.	Shall we go to the movies today?
Запрос об инструкции или плане действий.	Where shall we go tonight?

NB!!! Перечисленные выше значения модального глагола «SHALL» могут быть выражены и другими модальными глаголами, которые являются взаимозаменяемыми:

• Shall / Can / Could I help you with the papers? Ответом на такой вопрос являются фразы – Certainly / Of course / I’m sorry, but …

Модальное значение глагола «SHALL» может быть передано другими конструкциями английского языка

• Shall I explain this rule again? / Do you want me to explain this rule again?

Exercise 54. Fill in the gaps with SHALL. Translate the sentences.

1. A. … I help with you home assignment?

B. No, I can manage by myself.

2. A. … we have pizza for dinner tonight?

B. I’d rather have steak.

3. A. What … we buy for Bob’s birthday?

B. I think he’d like a book.

4. A. Where … we sit in the classroom?

B. Next to the window.

5. A. … I translate this text?

B. No, we’ll read it first.

6. A. … we have a barbecue next weekend?

B. Yes, if the weather is fine.

7. A. Where … I put these flowers?

B. Put them, please, in this vase.

8. A. … we go to the theatre tomorrow night?

B. I’d rather not. We can go to the movies instead.

Exercise 55. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Я могу тебе помочь с переводом? 2. Куда мы пойдем сегодня вечером (tonight)? 3. Нам подождать в приемной? (reception room) 4. Мне перезвонить вам вечером? 5. Пойдем вечером в театр? 6. Перекусим в кафе? 7. Куда мы пойдем поужинать? 8. Мне помочь тебе сделать покупки? (to do the shopping)

REVISION

Exercise 56. Underline the correct word.

1. A. Could / May / Shall you tell me the time, please?

B. Yes, it is a quarter past ten.

2. A. Should / Shall we go shopping tonight?

B. Yes, we need to buy some food.

3. A. Need / Should / Shall I help you, madam?

B. Yes, please?

4. A. Can / Shall I have these shoes in black, please?

B. Certainly.

5. A. Can / Shall / May you post this letter for me, please?

B. Certainly, I’ll do it on my way from the academy.

6. A. Shall / Could / May you help me, please?

B. Yes, of course.

Модальные глаголы will / would основные значения

Выражение просьбы. Мы используем модальные глаголы WILL / WOULD, когда мы хотим попросить кого-то сделать что-то для нас.

Will you get me a glass of water? (неформальная просьба) Would you get me a glass of water? (более вежливый вариант).

NB!!! В этом же значении может быть употреблен и глагол CAN / COULD . Использование в просьбах модальных глаголов COULD или WOULD делает эту просьбу более вежливой.

• Can / Will you call Jack for me? (неформальная, менее вежливая просьба по сравнению с просьбой, начинающейся с COULD /WOULD)

• Could / Would you call Jack for me? (более вежливая просьба, чем та, которая начинается с CAN / WILL).

• Приблизительные ответы на такие просьбы: Yes, I would be happy / glad; Certainly.

Exercise 57. Fill in the gaps with SHALL / WILL. Translate the sentences.

1. A. … you answer the phone, please?

B. Of course.

2. A. … I clean the windows for you?

B. Yes, please. Thank you for tour help.

3. A. … you clean the blackboard for me, please?

B. yes, in a minute.

4. A. … you help me with this text?

B. Certainly.

5. A. … we invite some friends over to dinner?

B. That would be great.

6. A. When … I visit you next?

B. Next week.

Exercise 58. Choose the appropriate response.

1. Will you open the door for me, please?

A Yes, I may.

B Certainly.

2. Shall I carry that bag for you?

A No, you won’t.

B No, it’s okay. I can manage.

3. Would you, please, drive me to the airport tomorrow?

A I would be happy.

B Yes, I would.

4. Shall I take you to work tomorrow?

A Yes, please.

B No, you won’t.

СВОДНАЯ ТАБЛИЦА ЗНАЧЕНИЙ МОДАЛЬНЫХ ГЛАГОЛОВ

Способность что-то сделать Terry is 20 years old. He can drive a car. (present) When he was 10 he could / was able to ride a bicycle. (past) Kate was able to perform blood transfusion by herself. (в значении «смогла»)

Отсутствие способности что-то сделать He can’t speak English. (present) He couldn’t / wasn’t able to speak English when he was three. (past) She wasn’t able to finish the book. (в значении «не смогла»)

Выражение долга, обязательства, необходимости You must attend the classes. (You are obliged) I have to attend the meeting. (приходится) We ought to / should attend the meeting. (не так сильно как must) Need I attend the meeting? (Мне надо …?)

Выражение отсутствия необходимости She doesn’t need to / doesn’t have to / needn’t do the shopping. (it isn’t necessary) She didn’t need to / didn’t have to do the shopping. (it wasn’t necessary) She needn’t have done the shopping. (it wasn’t necessary, but she did)

Запрет You mustn’t be / can’t be late for classes. (It’s forbidden / it’s against the rules or law). You may not enter this area. You are not allowed to park here.

Запрос на разрешение Can I open the window? (неформальный вопрос) Could I open the window, please? (более вежливый вопрос) May /Might I open the window? (более официальный тон вопроса)

Просьба Can / Will you help with the exercise? (неформальная просьба) Could / Would you help me with the exercise? (более вежливая просьба) May I have some water? (более официальный тон) Might I have some water? (очень официальный тон)

Разрешение You can park your car here. (неформальное разрешение) You may park your car in this area. (официальное разрешение, обычно в письменной форме)

Выражение логической уверенности в совершении действия He must be at home. (positive; I’m sure he is – должно быть) Ha can’t be sleeping. (negative; I’m sure he isn’t – не может быть) He must have been on holiday. (positive – должно быть) He can’t have been at home. (negative – не может быть)

Выражение возможности совершения действия It can get very hot in July here. (theoretically possible) We could / may / might be a little late. (it is possible) He could / might have been injured. (but he wasn’t)

Предложение помощи Shall / Can / Could I help you cross the road?

Предположения по поводу будущих действий Shall we visit Grandma this weekend? We can / could go to the movies tonight. (= Let’s go to the movies) Where shall we go? (какое твое предложение?) How shall I contact you? (запрос на инструкцию по будущим действиям)

Совет You should study harder. (мягкий тон) You ought to study harder. (более строгий совет)

Критика You should have been more careful. (ты не был осторожен) You ought to have been more careful. (ты не был осторожен)

REVISION

Exercise 59. Complete the sentences, as in the example. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Shall we go to the Zoo?	предположение по поводу будущих действий
You … try again.	совет
You … take photographs here.	запрет
… I carry this bag for you?	предложение помощи
… you turn off the lights, please?	просьба
You … more attentive.	критика
… make a phone call?	запрос на разрешение
Tom … walk, he is only 6 months old.	отсутствие способности что-то сделать
Mary … send us a card.	возможность совершения действия
You … wear a seatbelt while driving.	необходимость, обязательство
They … be tired.	уверенность в совершении действия
I’m sorry, but you … go out.	отказ в разрешении
He … be a student.	выражение логической уверенности
You … sit here.	разрешение

TEST A

1. Choose the appropriate modal verb.

1. You … be late for work.

A needn’t B must C mustn’t

2. Jim … lose some weight. His doctors say so.

A mustn’t B can C has to

3. I … go to the academy today. It’s Sunday.

A needn’t B have to C must

4. I … clean my room today, it’s dirty.

A needn’t B must C mustn’t

5. I … feed the dog at lunchtime. My brother did it in the morning.

A didn’t need to B needn’t have C need

6. Do you need any help? – Yes, I … open the window. It’s stuck.

A could B am able to C can’t

7. I … swim until I was ten.

A can B can’t C couldn’t

8. Is Tom good at languages? - Yes, he … speak French, German and Italian.

A can’t B can C could

9. The test was too difficult for me. – Oh, no, I … do it quite easily.

A was able to B can’t C can

10. … we go shopping today?

A ought B shall C will

2. Choose the correct answer.

1. A letter arrives at your house. You are sure it is from Paul.

1. It might be from Paul

2. It must be from Paul.

3. It may have been from Paul.

2. You have a toothache. Your mother gives you some advice.

1. You may go to the dentist.

2. You should go to the dentist.

3. You might go to the dentist.

3. You are looking for a book. You think it is in another room.

1. It can’t be in another room.

2. It should be in another room.

3. It could be in another room.

4. Your teacher told you to do your home assignment. You tell your friends about it.

1. I will do my home assignment.

2. I have to do my home assignment.

3. I might do my home assignment.

TEST B

1. Choose the appropriate modal verb.

1. You … do your homework before you watch TV.

A can’t B should C shall

2. … I come in? It’s rather cold out here.

A should B may C must

3. You … feed the dogs; they look hungry.

A are able to B needn’t C ought to

4. Can I talk to you, please? – No, I … go now, I’m late for a meeting.

A mustn’t B has to C must

5. … you play the piano?

A can B must C should

6. Where is Tom? – He is not in the classroom, so he … at the library

A must B can’t C can

7. When … I call you?

A shall B must C needn’t

8. I … swim before I was able to walk.

A might B could C can

9. You … take public transport to the academy. I’ll give you a lift.

A must B needn’t C may

10. Tim … be out. There are no lights in his room.

A shall B should C must

2. Choose the correct answer.

1. There was a good film on TV. You are sure John didn’t watch it.

1. You should have watched it.

2. John might have watched it.

3. John can’t have watched it.

2. An old lady is trying to open the door. You offer to do it for her.

1. Couldn’t I open the door for you?

2. Must I open the door for you?

3. Shall I open the door for you?

3. You offer to do the shopping but your mother says it isn’t necessary.

1. You must do the shopping.

2. You needn’t do the shopping.

3. You could do the shopping.

4. You want to keep crocodile as a pet in your flat, but your mother is against it.

1. You mustn’t keep a crocodile in the flat.

2. You needn’t keep a crocodile in the flat.

3. You will not keep a crocodile in the flat.