Самостійна робота

Independent work human body

The head is connected with the trunk by the neck. The windpipe (trachea) and gullet (esophagus) pass through the neck. The bony framework of the head, enclosing the brain, is the skull. The front part of the head is the face. Its upper part is composed of the forehead and the temples. The two sides of the lower face are called the cheeks. The two jaws (upper and lower)form the framework of the mouth. The lower jaw also gives shape to the chin. The oral cavity contains the tongue and the teeth, the necks of which are enveloped into the gums. The two margins of the mouth are the lips. The organs of the special senses in the face are the eyes and the nose. The eye is set in a bony socket called the orbit. The eyes are protected by the eyelashes and the eyebrows. The ear includes three principal parts: the external ear, the middle ear and the internal ear. The nose which we use for smelling, breathing and sneezing has two openings called nostrils. The top and the back part of the head are covered with hair.

The trunk consists of the chest, the abdomen and the back. The upper cavity, the chest (thorax), contains the heart and lungs. In the lower cavity, the abdomen, there are the kidneys, the stomach, the liver, the gall bladder, the spleen, the urinary bladder and the intestines or bowels.

The lungs belong to the respiratory system. The lungs are the essential organs of

breathing. They are two spongy organs, situated one on either side of the thoracic cavity. In adults they are usually blue in color, but in infants they are quite pink. The kidneys and the bladder are parts of the urinary system. They excrete waste products. The heart, the arteries, the capillaries and the veins constitute the cardiovascular system. The mouth, the gullet, the stomach and the intestines form the alimentary canal. The juices of many glands further the process of the digestion of our food.We have four limbs: two arms and two legs. The arms are the upper extremities and the legs form the lower extremities. The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand. Between the upper arm and the forearm there is the elbow. The joint between the forearm and the hand is called the wrist. Each hand has four fingers and one thumb. At the tips of the fingers there are the fingernails. The parts of the lower extremity are the thigh, the lower leg and the foot. The back of the lower leg is called the calf. Between the thigh and the lower leg there is the knee joint. The joints between the lower legs and the feet are the ankles.

The foot consists of the heel, the sole and the toes. The body is covered with the skin.

Answer the following questions.

1. What are the principal parts of the human body?

2. How many parts does the head consist of?

3. What does the skull contain?

4. What does the face consist of?

5. What is there in the mouth?

6. What are the principal parts of the ear?

7. What connects the trunk with the head?

8. How is the upper part of the trunk called?

9. What are the principal organs in the chest?

10. What are the principal organs in the abdominal cavity?