IV. Vocabulary and Language

1. Complete the sentences with proper words.

a) knee b) ankle c) a muscle d) foot e) lips f) throat g) forehead h) joints i) ear j) head

1. I have a sore ___.

2. He has pain in his___.

3. My _ ____ is out of joint.

4. My _ swims.

5. You have dislocated your __.

6. You have a strained ___ .

7. Your ______are hot and dry.

8. Your _____ are hot and dry.

9. My ____ are painful.

10. Put a compress on your _____.

2. Good Health Practices.

A good health practice is something that you choose .to do that makes you healthy. Good health practices keep those around you healthy too. The following good health practices help to prevent infectious diseases.

a) Match the words from the left column with the words from the right one.

1. Cover your nose... who has an infectious disease.

2. Cover your mouth... cover an open cut with a bandage.

3. Eat foods... the same glass as others

4. Keep from getting bitten... with soap and water after you use toilet.

5. Do not get too close to someone... and wash products properly.

6. Do not drink from... with soap and water frequently and before you eat.

7. Do not use... when you sneeze.

8. Freeze, cook, ... that have been protected from insects.

9. Wash your hands... with soap and water.

10. Wash your hands... by insects or animals.

11. Wash all cuts... a comb or a brush of another person.

12. After washing,... when you cough.

b) Provide your own good health practices.

3. Answer the questions.

1. What does nutrition deal with?

2. What is food used?

3. How many food groups do you know?

4. What properties do nutrients posses?

5. What are proteins?

6. What proteins do you know?

7. What are carbohydrates?

8. What are fats?

9. What are the functions of fructose, lactose, minerals?

10. What are essential parts of the bones and teeth?

4. Say whether the following statements are true or false.

1. Fructose, the so-called fruit sugar, is present in fruits.

2. Muscle, skin, cartilages are made up largely of fats.

3. The most important carbohydrates are sugars, starches and celln loses.

4. Lactose is found in fruits and vegetables.

5. Starch is an important constituent of foods (potatoes, wheat).

6. Minerals are an important part of haemoglobin.

7. Plant and animal food contains proteins (meat, eggs, milk, cheese).

8. We can live without nutrients for only about one week.

V. Speaking

1. Give reasons for becoming sick. How may some diseases be spread?

2. What diseases have you had?

3. How does your body protect you from diseases?

VI. Additional texts

DISEASE

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, and/or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality.

Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease.

Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease.

HOW YOUR BODY DEFENDS AGAINST DISEASE AGENTS

Disease agents are always around you. Most of time you do not become ill. This is because your body defends against disease agents. Here are some ways.

Your skin helps keep many agents out of your body.

When a cut bleeds, agents are washed away from the cut.

If it is windy, dust that contains agents may get into your eyes. You blink to keep the dust out. Tears also help wash dust out of your eyes.

You may breathe dust that contains agents. Tiny hairs inside your nose stop the dust from getting further into your body. The dust may cause you to sneeze.

Juices like saliva and stomach juice kill agents when they enter your body.

If agents enter your body, white blood cells surround and destroy them.

NUTRITION GUIDELINES

Eat a balanced diet. The key to good nutrition is a varied diet llml includes every kind of nutrient. To simplify the planning of a varied diet, nutritionists have devised systems that group foods according in nutrient content. One such system divides foods into five groups: (11 vegetables, (2) fruit, (3) bread, cereals, rice and pasta, (4) milk, y«>y hurt and cheese, (5) meat, poultry, fish, dried beans and peas, enji» and nuts.

Additional guidelines, called Recommended Dietary Allowamc. (RDAs), are provided in the United States by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. In other countries, simi lar groups provide national nutrition guidelines. The RDAs give healili experts estimates of the amounts of essential nutrients needed daily in maintain good nutrition in healthy people. This article includes a tahlt of RDAs.

The RDA for a particular nutrient may vary depending on person'« sex and age.

The RDA for iron, for example, is 12 milligrams for males age 11 to 18 and 15 milligrams for females age 11 to 50. The RDA for cal cium ranges from 400 milligrams for infants under the age of 6 month to 1.200 milligrams for males and females age 11 to 24 and for pro# nant women.

People also vary in their needs for energy. A person who plavx sports daily, for example, needs more calories than someone who docs little physical work. Children need more calories than their size would indicate because they are growing. Pregnant women also need exlut calories to provide enough nutrients for a healthy baby.

Include fibre. Dietary fibre consists of cellulose and other complex carbohydrates that cannot be absorbed by the body. It passes out <>l the body as waste. Fibre moves food along through the stomach and intestines, thus helping to prevent constipation. Many experts believe l hat it also helps reduce the risk of such rectal and intestinal disorders as haemorrhoids, diverticulitis, cancers of the colon and rectum. Good sources of fibre include wholegrain breads and cereals, beans and peas, vegetables, and fruit.

Limit your intake of saturated fats and cholesterol. Health experts recommend a diet that is low in saturated fats and cholesterol, a waxy substance found in many animal foods. A high level of blood choles­terol increases the risk of heart disease. Animal products are the source of most saturated fats and all dietary cholesterol. To reduce the intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, health experts suggest choosing lean meats, fish, low-fat dairy products. They also advise using fats and oils sparingly.

Limit your intake of sodium and sugar. A diet that includes a great deal of sodium may increase the risk of high blood pressure. Sodium is found in many foods, including canned vegetables, pick­les, processed cheeses, table salt, and such snack foods as pretzels, potato chips, and nuts. One way to reduce sodium intake is to use herbs and other seasoning instead of salt in cooking and at the table. Another way is to select fresh foods rather than canned or frozen foods.

Foods that contain a lot of sugar are often high in calories and fat but low in minerals, proteins, and vitamins. Nutritionists sometimes call them “empty calorie” foods, because they may make a person feel full but provide few nutrients. In addition, sugar that remains in and around the teeth contributes to tooth decay. Foods that have a large amount of sugar include candies, pastries, many breakfast cereals, and sweetened canned fruits. In place of sugary foods, nutritionists advise people to snack on such foods as fresh fruits and vegetables. They also recommended that people drink unsweetened fruit and vegetable juice instead of soft drinks.

Beware of alcohol. Alcoholic beverages supply calories, but they provide almost no nutrients. In addition, alcohol is a powerful drug, and habitual drinking can lead to many health problems. Health ex­perts recommend that if people choose to drink alcoholic beverages, they consume only small amounts. They suggest that certain people avoid alcohol altogether: children and adolescents, pregnant women, people who are about to drive, anyone who is taking medicine, and those who are unable to limit their drinking.

MEDICAL HYGIENE

Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine, and medical care, that prevents or minimizes disease and the spreading of disease.

Medical hygiene practices include:

• Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection.

• Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures.

• Use of protective clothing and barriers, such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves.

• Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries.

• Safe disposal of medical waste.

• Disinfection of reusables (i.e. linen, pads, uniforms)

• Scrubbing up, hand-washing, especially in an operating room, but in more general health-care settings as well, where diseases can be transmitted.

Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well established by the mid-20th century. Some procedures (such as disposal of medical waste) were tightened up as a result of late-20th century disease outbreaks, notably AIDS and Ebola.

Тема: Вступ до спеціальності

My Future Profession

Моя майбутня професія

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

фармацевт, провізор - ………………………….

нести відповідальність - ………………………….

захист - ………………………………………

здоров'я - ………………………………………

мати потребу, потребувати - ………………………………………………

склад - …………………………….

готувати, приготовляти - ………………………………………………….

готування, приготовляти - …………………………………

удосконалювати - …………………………………………..

людський - ……………………………………………………..

походження - ……………………………………………..

ряд - ………………………………………….

Контролювати - ………………………………….

Якість - …………………………………………..

Якісний - …………………………………….

технологія ліків - ……………………………….

організація та економіка - …………………………….

фармації - …………………………………………..

профілактичний - ……………………………

лікувальна (медицина) - ……………………….

дозування - ………………….

технологія приготування ліків - …………………………

активність - ………………………..

виготувати - …………………………..

фасувати - …………………………………..

рецепт - …………………………………..

рецептурний відділ - …………………………..

відділ готових лік, форм - …………………………..

завідуючий аптекою - …………………………………….

2. To combine words into sentences

1) Who, experimental, at, their, first, physics, chemistry, biology, students, year, and, mathematics, year, are.

2) Knowledge to understand, pharmacists, them to, the properties of, receive, the material, education, university, their, and, pharmacological, and gives, scientific, them, compound, prescriptions.

3) Physical and chemical, transformations, it is the, their composition, and, science, about, of substances, properties.

3. Turn suggestions

1) Pharmacists fill prescriptions written by physicians or dentist and prepare labels for medicines.

2) Pharmacy is the science and the art concerned with collection, preparation, and standardization of drugs.

3) The science that embraces all available knowledge of drugs with special reference to the mechanism of their action in disease treatment is pharmacology.

II Dialogues

1.The make a dialogue on the subject

My Future Profession

2.Act out the dialogue.

C: Excuse me, сап I get this prescription made up?

P: Certainly. We have all ingredients for this solution.

C: Is this medicine for external or internal use?

P: This is for intramuscular or intravenous injections.

C: When will it be ready?

P: Come back this time tomorrow.

C: And I'd like you to give me something for headache.

P: Please, ask in the chemist department.

III Writing.

1.Insert the missing words

Physical, preparations, pharmacology, human, theoretical basis, sciences, general

CHEMISTRY IS ONE OF THE MAIN SUBJECTS FOR PHARMACY STUDENTS

It is the science about ……………….. and chemical properties of substances, their composition and transformations. It has traditionally been divided into several categories for study.

Studying ……………………… and inorganic chemistry students get acquainted with such subjects as biochemistry, physical chemistry, physiology, ……………………as well.

The importance of organic chemistry in the study of pharmacy as a whole is like the importance of mathematics for engineers, because about 3/4 medicinal ……………………. studied by pharmaceutical chemistry are organic substances.

While studying analytical chemistry students master the classical and modern methods of chemical analysis which are used further in the examination of drugs.

Biological sciences give the future specialists the idea of …………………anatomy, drug biosynthesis of microbic origin.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is one of the important in the range of special subjects, it leads in testing of drug quality. It is the basis of such ………………….. as toxicological chemistry, technology of drugs, organization and economy of pharmacy.

The rational use of drugs is studied by pharmacology. It is a ………………………………… of preventive and curative medicine. The students study how to test the mechanism of drug action.

2.Write an essay on the topic: my future profession.

3. Pick up the synonyms to the words

Pill - ………………

Decoction - ………………………………..

Pharmacist - …………………………………

To prepare - ……………………………….

Health - ………………………………..

Manager - ………………………………

To dispense - ………………………

Prescription - ……………………………..

Самостійна робота

It is the science about physical and chemical properties of substances, their composition and transformations. It has traditionally been divided into several categories for study.

Studying general and inorganic chemistry students get acquainted with such subjects as biochemistry, physical chemistry, physiology, pharmacology as well.

The importance of organic chemistry in the study of pharmacy as a whole is like the importance of mathematics for engineers, because about 3/4 medicinal preparations studied by pharmaceutical chemistry are organic substances.

While studying analytical chemistry students master the classical and modern methods of chemical analysis which are used further in the examination of drugs.

Biological sciences give the future specialists the idea of human anatomy, drug biosynthesis of microbic origin.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is one of the important in the range of special subjects, it leads in testing of drug quality. It is the basis of such sciences as toxicological chemistry, technology of drugs, organization and economy of pharmacy.

The rational use of drugs is studied by pharmacology. It is a theoretical basis of preventive and curative medicine. The students study how to test the mechanism of drug action.

QUESTIONS

1. What is the main subject studied by pharmaceutical students? 2. What does chemistry study? 3. What kinds of chemistry do you know? 4. What special subjects do pharmacy students study? 5. What do you think the most important subjects for your future profession are?

My College of Medicine

Мій медичний коледж

1. Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

фармацевтичний факультет - ………………………………………

ранкова гімнастика - …………………………………….

холодний душ - ………………………………..

хімія - ……………………………………

фізіологія - ……………………………………..

ботаніка - …………………………………………

фармакологія - ………………………………………

токсикологія - ……………………………………..

2.To combine words into sentences

1. "Curative Affair", to become, you, department, if, want, study, you, should, a doctor, assistant, study, at the.

2. Future, is, study, boys and girls, at the, whose, “Stomatology", dentist.

3. Practice, “Nursing Affair”, qualification, of general, gives, of a, nurse.

1. Turn suggestions

1) If you want to become a doctor assistant you should study at the "Curative Affair" department. A doctor assistant of general practice is a highly-trained specialist who works independently in the policlinics, emergency ambulances and hospitals.

2) A dental mechanic-while studying at the "Orthopedic stomatology" departments a future specialist learns to make artificial teeth and crowns, plastics and porcelain teeth.

3) "Medical-prophylactic affair" gives qualification of a sanitary doctor assistant, who prevents appearance and spreading of infections and other kinds of the diseases.

II Dialogues.

1.Act out the dialogue.

Ruby: Hi, Edward. How's life? What's new?

Edward: Hi, Ruby. Nice to see you. All is well, thank you. There isn't anything worth mentioning really. How about you?

Ruby: Oh, well, I have at last started my studies at the college and I should say I like it a lot.

Edward: Which college did you choose?

Ruby: The medicine college. You know I'm rather good at languages, history, literature etc.

Edward: Yes, I remeber you were best at these subjects. I'm on the contrary better at pharmacology and formulation .

Ruby: I'm sure our college covers these subjects as well, so you could join me.

Edward: That's a good idea, but my parents insist on me studying liberal arts college.

Ruby: I see. What shall I say: "It's all up to you!"

2.The make a dialogue on the subject

My College of Medicine.

III Writing.

1.Insert the missing words

busy person, future pharmacist, shower, necessary, tape recorder, pharmaceutical students, teeth.

I am a student of the National Medical University. I study at the pharmaceutical faculty. My everyday activities are quite routine. They are like those of any other student of our country.

On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day begins. I'm not an early bird, that's why it's very difficult for me to get up, especially in winter. I switch on my ……………………….. and do my morning exercises. Then I take a cold shower, brush my …………………….., wash, dress, and have breakfast. Exercises and cold shower in the morning help me keep fit, so they are a very' important part of my daily routine and I try to do these procedures regularly. As a ………………………….. I believe that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of treatment".

I leave home at about 8 o'clock and go to the university. It takes me about forty minutes to get there. We study five days a week and usually have three or fоur lectures a day.

During the first two years we study general sciences, such as chemistry, physiology, botany, English, Ukrainian, Latin, etc. During the next three years ………………………………….. study special subjects, like pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology and other.

The sciences we study are difficult, but good knowledge of them is necessary for my future profession. So it takes me much time and effort to do all my homework and prepare for the next day at the university when I come home in the evening. I usually sit up late and as a rule haven't got much free time on weekdays. But when I'm not very busy I like reading, meeting friends and watching TV.

I'm a very …………………………… and have to work hard every day, but still I always look forward to my next working day because I like my studies at the university and 1 get a lot of useful knowledge and ……………………. experience here to become a good pharmacist and help sick people.

2.Write an essay on the topic: My College of Medicine.

3. To complete the sentence

study at the “Stomatology"; specialist learns to make artificial teeth and crowns, plastics and porcelain teeth; "Medical-prophylactic affair" gives qualification of a.

1. A dental mechanic-while studying at the "Orthopedic stomatology" departments a future………………………………………………………………………………………..

2. Boys and girls whose future profession is dentist……………………………………………………………………………………..

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………………sanitary doctor assistant, who prevents appearance and spreading of infections and other kinds of the diseases.

Самостійна робота

My name is Sveta Popova. I'm 17. I'm a student of the medical college. Our college is one of the oldest educational establishments of the region with its own traditions. Its graduates are considered to be the most highly trained specialists in the region. There are 7 departments in our college. I would like to tell you about them.

“Nursing Affair” gives qualification of a nurse of general, practice. A medical nurse is a chief assistant of a doctor. She , provides uninterrupted medical health, uncluding preventive and rehabilitation measures. Our graduates work in the poly-clinics, hospitals, kinder-gardens, schools and houses foraged people. If you want to become a doctor assistant you should study at the "Curative Affair" department. A doctor assistant of general practice is a highly-trained specialist who works independently in the policlinics, emergency ambulances and hospitals. His main task includes prescription and performance of preventive, curative and diagnostic measures. The graduates of this department are waited for at the stations of emergency medical help, in the country-side hospitals and in the military hospitals.

“Obstetrician Affair" is another interesting department, it offers qualification of an obstetrician. An obstetrician provides preventive and curative medical help to the pregnant women and patients with gynaecological diseases.

Boys and girls whose future profession is dentist study at the “Stomatology". A dentist is a highly-trained specialist who works independently or under the guidance of a senior doctor who provides preventive and curative medical help for the population.

"Medical-prophylactic affair" gives qualification of a sanitary doctor assistant, who prevents appearance and spreading of infections and other kinds of the diseases. He controls the influence of the conditions of work and life on a person's health and takes some measures to prevent this harmful influence of the surroundings. They work in the centres of state sanitary inspectors and laboratories of different branches.

A dental mechanic-while studying at the "Orthopedic stomatology" departments a future specialist learns to make artificial teeth and crowns, plastics and porcelain teeth. On graduating from the college they usually work in the dental mechanic laboratories. As for me I am a student of the "Pharmacy" department. My future profession is pharmaceutist. I'll be provided the population with different medicines. My work will demand the knowledge of preventive rules, the rules of herb's preparation and so on.

The graduates of our department will be able to work in the chemist's, pharmacological enterprises, laboratories.I like to study at our college very much.

Quehtions

1. Where does Sveta Popova study?

2. How many departments are there in the college?

3. What kind of qualification does the "Nursing affair" department give?

4. Who can work at the station of emergency medical help?

5. What does an obstertrician provide to the pregnant women and patients with gynaecological diseases?

6. Where do the sanitary doctor assistants work?

7. What is Sveta's future profession?

The Working Day of a Medical Student

Робочий день студента-медика

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

ведущих - ………………….

буднiй день - ……………………

аспiрант - ……………………………

премiя - …………………………..

вiддiлення - ………………………

професiйна підготовка - …………………………..

досягнення - ……………………………..

процедур - ………………………………….

факультатив - ………………………………

Нацiональний Медичний унiверситет - ………………………….

наука - ……………………………………………..

зайнятий - ……………………………………………………….

2. To combine words into sentences

1. During, study, the first two, sciences, years, general, such, we, chemistry, physiology, botany, as, etc., English, Ukrainian, Latin.

2. The, difficult, but, sciences, knowledge, study, we, are, good, necessary, of them, is , future, of my, profession.

3. On, me up at 6.30, my, weekdays, and, day begins, the alarm clock, begins, wakes.

II Dialogues

1. The make a dialogue on the subject My College of Medicine.

III Writing.

1.Write an essay on the topic: The Working Day of a Medical Student.

2.Insert the missing words

future pharmacist, general, prevention is worth, clock, years, useful knowledge, sick people, look forward.

I am a student of the National Medical University. I study at the pharmaceutical faculty. My everyday activities are quite routine. They are like those of any other student of our country.

On weekdays the alarm ……………….wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day begins. I'm not an early bird, that's why it's very difficult for me to get up, especially in winter. I switch on my tape recorder and do my morning exercises. Then I take a coid shower, brush my teeth, wash, dress, and have breakfast. Exercises and cold shower in the morning help my keep fit, so these procedures regularly. As a ……………………………. I believe that "an ounce of ………………………………. a pound of treatment".

I leave home at about 8 o'clock and go to the university. It takes me about for minutes to get there. We study five days week and usually have three or four lectures a day.

During the first two years we study …………………….. sciences, such as chemistry, physiology, botany, English, Ukrainian, Latin, etc. During the next three ………………………. pharmaceutical students study special subjects, like pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology and other.

The sciences we study are difficult, but good knowledge of them is necessary for my future profession. So it takes me much time and effort to do all my homework and prepare for the next day at the university when I come home in the evening.!usually sit up late and as a rule haven't got much free time on weekdays. But when I'm not very busy I like reading, meeting friends and watching TV.

I am a very busy person and have to work hard every day, but still I always ……………………………. to my next working day because I like my studies at the university and I get a lot of …………………………. and necessary experience here to become a good pharmacist and help …………………………

2. Write an essay on the topic: The Working Day of a Medical Student.

Самостійна робота

I am a student of the National Medical University. I study at the pharmaceutical faculty. My everyday activities are quite routine. They are like those of any other student of our country.

On weekdays the alarm clock wakes me up at 6.30 and my working day begins. I'm not an early bird, that's why it's very difficult for me to get up, especially in winter. I switch on my tape recorder and do my morning exercises. Then I take a coid shower, brush my teeth, wash, dress, and have breakfast. Exercises and cold shower in the morning help my keep fit, so these procedures regularly. As a future pharmacist I believe that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of treatment".

I leave home at about 8 o'clock and go to the university. It takes me about for minutes to get there. We study five days week and usually have three or four lectures a day.

During the first two years we study general sciences, such as chemistry, physiology, botany, English, Ukrainian, Latin, etc. During the next three years pharmaceutical students study special subjects, like pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology and other.

The sciences we study are difficult, but good knowledge of them is necessary for my future profession. So it takes me much time and effort to do all my homework and prepare for the next day at the university when I come home in the evening.!usually sit up late and as a rule haven't got much free time on weekdays. But when I'm not very busy I like reading, meeting friends and watching TV.

I am a very busy person and have to work hard every day, but still I always look forward to my next working day because I like my studies at the university and I get a lot of useful knowledge and necessary experience here to become a good pharmacist and help sick people.

Quethions

1) Where do you study?

2) When do you get up on weekdays?

3) Is it easy for you to get up early?

4) What do you do in the morning?

5) What time do you usually leave home?

6) How long does it take you to get to the university?

7) How many lectures a day do you usually have?

8) What do you do when you come home from the university?

9) What do you like doing in your free time?

Тема: Фармація в аптеці

Pharmacy as a science

Фармація як наука

I. Active Vocabulary.

1. . Translate into English

Натощак - ……………………………………

отдел ручной продажи-…………………………………

рецептурный отдел-……………………………………

отпускать лекарство-……………………………………

побочное действие лекарственного средства-………………………………..

принимать лекарство-……………………………………….

каждый час-………………………………………………

перед едой-………………………………..

по 1 стол. ложке 2р в день-……………………………

2.To combine words into sentences

1) is the health,pharmacy, the health, profession, with, the, medication, that links, sciences, it is charged, and, ensuring, with, the safe, use of.

2) of Pharmacy, the field, generally be divided, can, into, three, primary, Pharmaceutics, Medical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Pharmacy practice, disciplines.

3) specializations, practice, оther, in, pharmacy, recognized by, Pharmaceutical Specialties, the Board of, include, cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.

4) pharmacy, to popular, сontrary, belief, to counting, is ,not limited, and dispensing, pills.

3. To continue to offer.

pure chemical form of the active constituents of plants, preparative pharmaceutical techniques were simple, demanded specialists familiar with the technique of their compounding, the Greek word "pharmakon" which in, present knowledge by the collection of drugs and drug preparations.

1. Pharmacy was an integral part of medicine when…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. It became an independent branch of medicine when an increasing variety of drugs and their complex compounding……………………………………………………………………….

3. The civilization of the past contributed to our……………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The first and the most important was the isolation in relatively……………………………………………………………………………...

II Dialogues

III Writing

1.Write an essay on the topic: Pharmacy as a science .

2.Insert the missing words.

traditional roles, in drug therapy, care system, Pharmacognosy, specializations,

practice.

Contrary to popular belief, pharmacy is not limited to counting and dispensing pills.

Pharmacy is a rewarding profession in the health …………………….. that involves working closely with doctors and patients. No matter what health field you step into, there will always be a need for pharmacists. They provide their expertise on the composition, use, and manufacturing of a drug, as well as its physiological and chemical interactions. Pharmacy offers flexible work schedules, a broad spectrum of opportunities and direct patient contact.

Pharmacy is the health profession that links the health sciences with the chemical sciences, and it is charged with ensuring the safe use of medication. The scope of pharmacy practice includes more …………………………..such as compounding and dispensing medications on the orders of physicians, and it also includes more modern services related to patient care, including clinical services, reviewing medications for safety and efficacy, and providing drug information. Pharmacists, therefore, are experts …………………………. and are the primary health professionals who optimizemedication use to provide patients with positive health outcomes.

What are the disciplines? The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three primary disciplines: Pharmaceutics, Medical Chemistry and …………………………., Pharmacy practice.

There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Specialization in pharmacy …………………….. is typically based on the place of practice or practice roles including: community, hospital, clinical pharmacy, consultant, drug information, industry.

Other ……………………………. in pharmacy practice recognized by the Board of Pharmaceutical Specialties include: cardiovascular, infectious disease, oncology, pharmacotherapy, nuclear, nutrition, and psychiatry.

3. Finish the sentences choosing one of the collocations.

1) Pharmacy became an independent science ...

a) when preparative pharmaceutical technique was simple;

b) when the first primitive man tried to use plants in the food;

c) when complex compounding of drugs demanded specialists in pharmacy.

2) The important beginning of the science pharmacognosy may be seen ...

a) in a modified form;

b) by their collection of drugs and drug preparations;

c) in the old Egyptian text.

3) It took the civilization over five thousand years ...

a) to isolate morphine;

b) to isolate active constituents of crude drugs;

c) to establish the type knowledge necessary for the synthesis of new drugs.

Read the dialogue .Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Patient: I was wondering what I could do about the problem I'm having with my big right toe. Pharmacist: What's seems to be the problem?

Patient: Here, I'll show you. I thought it was just oo2y and btistery, but this morning when I got up and tried to put my foot in my shoe, it really hurt. Pharmacist: is it sensitive to the touch?

Patient: Yeah. That's why I'm wearing open-toe sandals so that the toe won't rub against anything. Even when 1 put a Band-Aid on it, it really hurts.

Pharmacist: Have you been wearing tight shoes? When did you notice the watery blisters?

Patient: Welt, actually I ran a 10K race this past weekend and it was raining and my sneakers got wet, and

that's when my toe started to hurt and I saw the watery blisters.

Pharmacist: Weil, it tooks fike the wet sneakers and maybe not enough room at the tip of your sneakers caused the nail to get soft and the skin to get blisters, it looks like you have a fungal infection. Patient: Fungus? Where would I get fungus?

Pharmacist: Welt, a fungal infection is caused by the moist environment created by your wet sneaker and socks rubbing against your toes. That's what has happened to your right toe. Patient: What's going to happen to my toenail?

Pharmacfst: Well, it will most likely turn black from the dead nail and bfood underneath it, Eventually, it wi(! fall off, but in time your toenail wilt grow back. Patient: What should i put on it?

Pharmacist: Do you have any allergies to certain medications? Patient: Well, I'm allergic to sulfa and iodine.

Pharmacist: OK. Oon't put Betadine on your toe. But if you go to aisle 3, you'll find Lamisil. This will help with the tenderness that you're feeling and will prevent the fungal infection from spreading. Follow the directions on the bottle.

Patient: How long will it take before my nail grows back?

Pharmacist: It coutd be a while before your toenail will grow back, maybe a few months. If you continue to have problems, or if it begins to ooze more blood, I suggest you make an appointment with a podiatrist, a foot doctor, or call your primary care doctor. Also, keep your toe dry and well ventilated until you feel comfortable enough to wear dosed shoes.

Patient: Thank you so much. I'll be more careful next time I run another race. Pharmacist: Take care of your toes.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

5. The patient is complaining that:

   1. he has an ingrown nail on his big left toe

   2. his left toe has a laceration

   3. his right toe is oozy and blistery

6. The patient is wearing open-toe sandals because:

   1. it is summertime

   2. his right toe is sensitive to the touch

   3. he has foot odor

7. _The pharmacist tells the patient that:

   1. he has an infected toe caused by wearing tight shoes with no socks

   2. his toe is peeling

   3. he has a fungal infection caused by the moist environment of a wet sneaker and wet socks rubbing against his toe

8. _The patient is allergic to:

   1. sulfa only

   2. sulfa and iodine

   3. iodine only

5 . The pharmacist tells the patient to find:

1. fungicide in aisle S

2. Lidocaine in aisle 3

3. Lamisii in aisle 3

6 . The patient's right toenail will:

1. never grow back

2. grow back in 1 week

3. grow back in a few months

Самостійна робота

WHAT IS PHARMACY?

Pharmacy is defined as the art of recognizing, identifying, collecting; selecting, preparing, storing, compounding and dispensing drugs used in preventive or in curative medicine for treating people.

Pharmacy was an integral part of medicine when preparative pharmaceutical techniques were simple. It became an independent branch of medicine when an increasing variety of drugs and their complex compounding demanded specialists familiar with the technique of their compounding. Thus we may define pharmacy as the science of drugs. The word "pharmacy" comes from the Greek word "pharmakon" which in the modern language means "a drug". To the Greeks it was associated with a god or higher being who had the power of affecting people with herbs, infusions, etc.

Pharmacy is as old as man himself. The first primitive man who tried to use a plant in the food and observed that it caused a disease was already in the drug business. In this simple way many drags have been discovered.

The civilization of the past contributed to our present knowledge by the collection of drugs and drug preparations. The old Egyptian texts list many preparations, some components of which are still used in modified form. In these works the important beginning of the science pharmacognosy may be seen. Galen, in the second century A.D. one of the most famous physicians of the past wrote much about drug effects. Even today pharmacists use the word "galenicals" when they speak about simple vegetable extracts.

However, only in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries chemical knowledge advanced to the point at which it could contribute significantly to pharmacology.

The first and the most important was the isolation in relatively pure chemical form of the active constituents of plants. For example, Serturner isolated morphine in 1806 from opium. It took man over 5000 years to make this very important step. The industrial revolution of the last century gave birth to synthetic organic chemistry and established a new branch of knowledge necessary for the synthesis of new drags. That the drag may affect the organism or may act more selectively was an empirical observation of a primitive man. However, it took many centuries to establish this empirical observation scientifically. Today the biochemical investigation of drug action is as important as the older pharmacodynamic studies.

Answer the quethions:

1.What is pharmacy?

2.What do you know about the history of pharmacy?

3.What do you know about the derivation of the word "pharmacy"?

4.Did the civilization of the past contribute to our present knowledge?

5.What do you know about Galen?

6.What was the most important step to contribute to pharmacology?

Pharmacy, its history and modernity

Фармація, її історія та сучасність

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English.

усвідомлювати, довідуватися-……………………

відпускати лікарські засоби, фасу, вати-………………………….

розподіляти, поширювати-…………………………………..

(не) сумісність-……………………………………

натрапляти, наштовхуватися-…………………………………..

супроводжуючий-……………………………………….

допоміжний-………………………………………

домішка-…………………………………….

витоки, походження-…………………………………………

ліки, що відпускаються без рецепта-……………………….

вижимати, дробити, дрібнити-………………………….

режим, схема-…………………………..

доступний, відкритий-……………………………….

2. Сhoose the appropriate phrase

1) preventive medicine 1) відповідальна роль

2) curative medicine 2) стерильний розчин

3) dosage form 3) професійний рівень

4) responsible role 4)лікувальна несумісність

5) sterile solution 5) ліки, що відпускаються за рецептом

6) professional standards 6) профілактична медицина

7) drug constituents 7) роль порадника

8) therapeutically incompatibility 8) лікувальна медицина

9) prescription medication 9) дозована форма

10) advisory role 10) складові ліків

11) dose regimen 11) продуктивна діяльність

12) productive activity 12) творчий акт

13) creative act 13) схема прийняття лікарського засобу

3. To continue to offer.

healing arts and sciences since mankind first began to treat illnesses, to the present age of specific therapeutic agents, employed in much the same manner by today's medical practitioners, observations the term "galenical" pharmacy was originated.

1. As a tribute to his accuracy in recording his…………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. It has progressed from an era of empiriocriticism……………………………………………………………………….

3. Pharmacy, which literally means a knowledge of drugs, or pharmaceuticals, has been a part of the…………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. A number of the drugs used by the ancients are still……………………………………………………………………………………………

II Dialogues

III Writing

1.Write an essay on the topic: Pharmacy, its history and modernity.

2.Insert the missing words.

physician diagnosed, eliminate pain, primitive, pharmaceutical,

number.

SOME FACTS FROM THE HISTORY OF PHARMACY

Pharmacy, which literally means a knowledge of drugs, or pharmaceuticals, has been a part of the healing arts and sciences since mankind first began to treat illnesses. It has developed from ancient civilizations that used parts of plants and animals to concoct various potions to ………………………………., control suffering, and counteract disease. It has risen from the mysterious incantations of voodoo tribes and has survived the unwritten secret recipes of medicine men.

It has progressed from an era of empiriocriticism to the present age of specific therapeutic agents. A number of the drugs used by the ancients are still employed in much the same manner by today's medical practitioners.

By trial and error, …………………………… man must have acquired biologic knowledge that was useful in determining which plants and animals possessed good value and which were to be avoided because they were unpalatable, poisonous, or dangerous. The healing powers of certain herbs, roots, and juices were undoubtedly discovered by accident; but once these attributes were learned, they were too important to be forgotten.

Dioscorides, a Greek physician who lived in the first century A. D., wrote his "De Materia Medica" in 78 A. D., in which he described about 600 plants that were known to have medicinal properties. Of these, a surprisingly large ………………………………… are still important in modern medicine. Aloe, bela-donna, colchicum, ergot, hyoscyamus, and opium are a few that were used then in much the same manner as they are used today.

Galen (131—200 A. D.) was a Greek pharmacist-physician who lived in Rome and who described the method of preparation formulas containing plant and animal drugs. He devoted considerable time to compiling this knowledge, which was distributed throughout 20 books. As a tribute to his accuracy in recording his observations the term "galenical" pharmacy was originated.

From the humble beginning, medicine and pharmacy gradually emerged along separate paths: the …………………………. the ailment and prescribed the remedy and the apothecary or pharmacist specialized in the collection preparation, and compounding of the substance.

Pharmacy, as an independent branch of medicine was born in Europe in 1240 when the Emperor of Holy Rome separated pharmacy from medicine. However, there was no special ………………………………… training at that time. Till late 17th and even 18th century, the universities taught their students materia medica.

3.Insert the missing words.

Preparing, toxicology, pharmacology, more organs, dangerous.

……………………………………. may be defined most simply as the study of drugs. In the broadest sense it includes, all the scientific knowledge of drugs, such as the name, source, physical and chemical properties, and the mixing or ………………………… of drugs in the form of medicine. It is concerned also with physiological action of drugs — their absorption, action, and rate in the body — and with their therapeutic uses, as well as the poisonous effects that result from overdosage.

…………………….. is the scientific study of poisons — their source, chemical properties, action, detection and the treatment of conditions produced by them. A poison is a substance which, when introduced into the body in small quantities, may produce death or cause serious injury to one or ……………………. in the average healthy individual. It is often difficult to distinguish between drugs and poisons. All drugs are potential poisons, since overdose may cause ………………………. or fatal symptoms, and many poisons are useful drugs if they are administered in small doses.

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Pharmacist: Heilo. Can I help you?

Patient's mother; 1 hope so. We're on vacation so i can't make an appointment to see our pediatrician and was hoping you could help us. My daughter has been scratching her head a lot. I thought maybe she's scratching because of the sun.

Pharmacist: Let me take a look at her hair and her scalp. Has she had head /ice before?

Patient's mother: No.

Pharmacist: How old is your daughter?

Patient's mother: She's 6.

Pharmacist: It looks like she's got her first case of head lice. Patient's mother: She must have picked it up at day camp.

Pharmacist: Maybe. ft*s not anything to be embarrassed about. I suggest you buy a metal louse comb and soak it in rubbing alcohol and run it through her hair to remove the wingless insects. They look like sesame seeds, i also recommend a medicated antilice treatment. Nix works well. You can fmd both in the shampoo aisle. It's also a good idea to wash her sheets, pillowcases, towels, and her clothes. Patient's mother: Is it hard to use?

Pharmacist: No. First, wash her hair with shampoo, rinse it, and towel dry. Then rub the Nix cream into her

hair. Make sure her scalp is fuffy covered with it, as well as behind the ears and behind her neck. Leave the

Nix on for 10 minutes and then rinse. After that, use the louse comb to remove the lice.

Patient's mother: How long will it be before the lice are gone?

Pharmacist: If after a week she still has lice, repeat the process.

Patient's mother: Is head lice contagious?

Pharmacist: Yes, it is, so I recommend you and the rest of your family use Nix too, and wash your sheets, pillowcases, and clothes, too. Patient's mother: Thank you so much.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. _.The child's mother is concerned because her daughter:

   1. has dandruff

   2. has an itchy scaip

   3. is not happy in day camp

2. _.Her daughter is:

   1. 16 months old

   2. 6 years old

   3. 6 weeks old

3. The pharmacist telts the mother that:

   1. head lice taste like sesame seeds

   2. head lice look like sesame seeds

   3. sesame seed is another name for head louse

4. The pharmacist recommends that the mother:

   1. purchase a louse comb and Nix, a medicated anti-lice treatment

   2. wash only her daughter's hair and the pillowcases c} remove the head lice with her fingers

5. Nix is:

a) a type of head lice

b} a cream rinse applied to the hair after shampooing to remove head lice

7. an antibiotic

6.The pharmacist teils the mother that she and her husband should also treat their hair with Nix because head lice are:

2. contagious

3. not contagious

4. infectious

Самостійна робота

PHARMACY: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, INDUSTRY

Pharmacy is defined as the art and science of recognizing, identifying, collecting, selecting, preparing, storing, testing, compounding and dispensing all substances used in preventive or in curative medicine for treating people. It speaks not only of medicines and the art of compounding and dispensing them, but of their combination, analysis and standardization.

Though nowdays most drugs are prepared by pharmaceutical manufactures and are distributed to the chemist's or hospital in such suitable dosage forms as tablets, capsules, liquid preparations, or sterile solutions for injection, the pharmacist now has no less a responsible role in properly dispensing the preparation in finished forms than when he powdered, dissolved, mixed, and otherwise compounded prescriptions. Compounding and dispensing medicines demand special knowledge, experience, and high professional standards. So to become---a pharmacist one should achieve knowtectg'e' of different subjects, such as physics, chemistry, biology, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacognosy, tech nology of drugs, organization and economy of pharmacy, management and marketing in pharmacy.

Because of his knowledge of drug constituents, the pharmacist is able to predict not only the chemical and physical incompatibilities encountered in compounding but also the therapeutic incompatibilities that the patient may encounter when utilizing a drug concomitantly with other prescribed or self-selected medications. Starch, saccharose, pork fat, gelatine, cocoa and butter, among other substances, used as auxiliary admixtures and bases, include particles of medicinal substances in treatment. But they themselves are not neutral agents: they may affect the action of the drugs. When supplying both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication to patients, the pharmacist also provides information required for the safe and effective use of such drugs. The pharmacist further serves as an information source of all aspects of drugs to his colleages in the medical, dental, and nursing professions. These adivisory roles are made possible by the vast background of the pharmacist, the drug expert, in fields such as pharmacognosy, pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and pharmaceutics. The pharmacist needs to know where the dosage form can be obtained; if the drug is readily absorbed; if it has stability; and if there is anything in the literature to confirm the reliability of this dosage form for a particular patient. The pharmacist must also know what tablets can be crushed and added to food (or used in compounding) without altering the drug's effectiveness and dose regimen.

Pharmacists should be very helpful and supportive when asked for their opinion and advice. It is widely recognized that pharmacists are among the most accessible and respected health professionals.

Although the pharmacist is mainly concerned with those substances having application to public health, he realizes that many of these therapeutic aids are also utilized as beverages, and spicies, in confectioneries, and as technical products. During the past few years, as a result of the intense concern with all aspects of ecology, there has been a renewed interest in so called "natural" foods and drugs. The availability of an extremely wide variety of those products, ranging from fenugreek tea to ginseng chewing gum, has stimulated the public to learn more about them.

Progress in many fields of medicine depends on production of corresponding antibiotics, effective narcotic, cardiac and other drugs. New pharmaceutical preparations are con-stantly being developed for every branch of medicine. New drugs not only save lives, they help to reduce the costs of health care by limiting the need for alternative, more expensive therapy, such as surgery and hospitalization. Drugs which return people to productive activity might well be viewed as investments yielding social benefits — rather than costs.

The pharmaceutical industry is among the most misunderstood of all industries. Just as society has decided it is wise to have a population knowledgeable about sex education, so must the population be knowledgeable about pharmaceutical development.

A creative act and nine months of development are needed to launch a new person. The creative act of discovering a new pharmaceutical is followed by an average of 10 years and 100 million American dollars in development costs.

Answer the quethions:

1. How is pharmacy defined?

2. What is the role of a pharmacist?

3. What do compounding and dispensing medicines demand? 4. What is necessary to become a pharmacist?

5. What is pharmacist able to predict?

6. What information does the pharmacist provide when supplying both prescription and over-the-counter drugs?

7. What does the pharmacist further serve?

8. By means of what are these advisory roles made possible?

9. Can you give the examples of substances used both pharmaceutically and in food production?

10. What do you know about the history of pharmacy?

Chemist's Shop - the future employment of student-pharmacist

Аптека – майбутнє місце роботи студента-фармацевта

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

лікарський засіб, ліки-…………………………

роздрібна торгівля-…………………………..

фармацевтичний-………………………….

сильнодіючий-……………………………

визначати, вказувати-………………………………

зберігання-…………………………………..

термін придатності-………………………….

застереження-……………………………..

Небезпека-………………………………

важливий,основний-………………………….

допоміжний засіб-………………………….

середовище для ліків, розчинник-………………………….

гарантувати-…………………………………..

автентичність, достовірність-……………………………..

оцінити-………………………………….

2.Match the explanation with the term.

1. an unwanted effect produced by a drug in addition to its desired therapeutic effects	a. dose
2. any substance that affects the structure or functioning of a living organism	b. prescription department
3. powerful, strong-effective	c. drug
4. the safekeeping of goods in a depository	d. narcotic
5. the amount of medicine to be taken	e. adjuvant
6. insufficient, incorrect	f. side effect
7. a substance producing sleep or other undesirable conditions	g. potent
8. the department where medicines are ordered	h. inadequate
9. a substance used in medical treatment, internally or externally	i. medication
10. an ingredient (as in a prescription or in a solution) that modifies the action of the principal agent	j. storage

3. Translate the following words with the suffixes -tion and -ity.

-tion: prescription-……………………,

Medication-……………………..,

Respiration-……………………….,

Contribution-……………………….,

Digestion-………………………..,

Urination-………………………….,

Exacerbation-………………………,

Contradiction-…………………………,

Contraindication-…………………….,

Instruction-……………………….,

Direction-……………………………,

Production-………………………….

-ity:

Authority-…………………………..,

Authenticity-…………………………..,

Perplexity-……………………………….,

Proximity-………………………….,

Safety-……………………………,

Quality-………………………….

II Dialogues

III Writing.

1.Write an essay on the topic: Chemist's Shop - the future employment of student-pharmacist.

2. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.

facility, factor, institution, patient, water, index, a label, cupping, dosage

Safety ... , therapeutic ... , prophylactic ... , hot ... bottle, ... glasses, inadequate ... , to be given to the ... , to be placed on ... , pharmaceutical ... .

3. Underline the correct preposition. Translate the sentences.

1. There are many possible forms: from/with the simple white tablet till/to the sophisticated micro-encapsulated slow released multicolored formulation.

2. The pharmacist is responsible for/on purity, stability and availability of/in the. drug.

3. In/for many tablets, the drug substance is only a fraction of/on the whole.

4. The coating in/of a tablet does not influence drug availability.

5. Caution is advised for/in attempts to utilize cheaper forms of proprietary drugs;

6. The forms of drugs have not been changed for/in many years.

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Patient: Hi, f need help. I woke up this morning with my right eye crusted and shut tight. I washed my face, and the eye was red. And it's gotten worse throughout the day. Now it's itchy, swollen, and really red.

Pharmacist: It looks like you have conjunctivitis, or what we call pink eye.

Patient: 1 don't think I've ever had pink eye. I've had a stye, but not pink eye-

Pharmacist: Pink eye is very contagious. That's probably how you got it. Oo your eyes also feel itchy? Patient: Yeah, it feels like there is something in my eye, but I can't get it out. Anyway, 1 have a prescription to treat it. I have a big presentation in 2 days and I don't want to look like this. Here's the prescription.

Pharmacist: OK. It's a prescription for tobramycin ophthalmic solution. They're eyedrops. Do you wear contacts?

Patient: Yeah, but 1 didn't put them in this morning. As you can see, I'm wearing my glasses. Pharmacist: Good. Don't wear your contacts while using eyedrops and until your eye clears up. Patient: That's it. Will it clear up in 2 days?

Pharmacist: Your doctor has prescribed that you use the eyedrops for 5 days. Put one drop in your eye every 4 hours. It should relieve the redness, inflammation, and itchiness. And even if you see that your eye has cleared up before the 5 days, continue using the drops. Patient: OK. I just hope my eye gets better before my presentation.

Pharmacist: I hope so too. And don't be surprised if you experience a burning or stinging sensation. These are just some of the side effects. Make sure you read the instructions carefully. And good luck with your presentation. Patient: Thanks.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. What is the patient's complaint?

   1. She can't wear contact lenses

   2. She woke up with her left eye crusted and shut tight

   3. She woke up with her right eye crusted and shut tight

2. Throughout the day the patient's eye: a} got worse

2. got better

3. stayed the same

   1. The patient's eye is:

      1. itchy

      2. itchy, swollen, and really red

      3. gritty

   2. What condition does the patient have?

      1. a stye

      2. crusty eye syndrome

      3. conjunctivitis

   3. The patient has a prescription for:

      1. tobramycin tablets

*

2. tobramycin ointment

3. tobramycin solution

1. The pharmacist tells the patient to use:

   1. 4 eyedrops once a day

   2. 1 eyedrop every 4 hours

   3. 4 eyedrops every hour

Patient's mother: Hi. Could you fill this prescription quickly? We just got back from the pediatrician's

office and my daughter has an ear infection. She's been crying non-stop. Here's the prescription.

Pharmacist: The prescription is for amoxicillin, an antibiotic. Has she had amoxicillin before?

Patient's mother: No. 1 don't think so. This is her first ear infection.

Pharmacist: How old is she?

Patient's mother: She's almost 3...34 months old.

Pharmacist: Is she allergic to penicillin?

Patient's mother: No. I don't think so.

Pharmacist: OK. The doctor has ordered the amoxicillin in suspension form, liquid form. I suggest that you also buy a dose-measuring spoon if you don't have one so that you can measure the dosage as precisely as possible.

Самостійна робота

Chemist's shop is an institution of health service which supplies the population with medicines and medical things. It is a place where a wide variety of articles is sold and prescription can be made; drugs are composed, dispensed, stored and sold. Chemist's shops carry out both retail and wholesale selling of medicines and preparation of drugs in pharmaceutical properties.

They are differentiated into municipal, public and private ones. An ordinary chemist's shop has a chemist's department, a prescription one, proper working rooms and a hall for visitors.

At the chemist's department one can buy drugs ready to use, different things for medical care (hot water bottles, medicine droppers, mustard plasters, cupping glasses, thermometers and so on) and medical herbs.

At the chemist's all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, open shelves and refrigerators. Poisonous, drastic, narcotic and psychotropic drugs can be sold by prescription only. These drugs are potent and can be dangerous if taken in an overdose. Therefore, their use must be strictly controlled.

All containers of dispensed medicines should be clearly labeled with the following particulars: name of the patient, name of the medicine, correct dosage instructions, date of dispensing, expiry date, warnings or contradictions, name and address of the pharmacy.

The pharmacist should instruct the patient about: the necessity to follow the prescribed directions carefully; the dangers of overdosage; the problems resulting from an inadequate dosage; the expected side effects of the drug; the proper storage of the drug, etc. The pharmacist should also advise the patient about the dangers of taking drugs for longer periods unless he is under care of a physician. The patient should be warned about the danger of letting other members of the family or neighbours use his prescribed medications.

A complete prescription is made up of six essential parts: the patient's name, the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the signature and the prescriber's name. The superscription is the traditional symbol Rx, which always appears at the beginning of the pre-scription. (It represents the contraction of the Latin verb "recipe", i. e. to take). The inscription is the body of the prescription. This contains the ingredients and quantities of each. In the complex prescription containing multiple ingredients, the inscription may consist of three parts: medication, adjuvant and vehicle. The subscription always follows the inscription and contains the writer's instructions to the pharmacist. This designates the form of preparation (mixture, tablets, ointment, etc.), the strength in words and figures) and the quantity of total number (in words and figures. The signature consists of the directions to be given to the patient. This information is intended to be placed on the label of the container in which the medication is dis-pensed. The prescriber's name is the part of the prescription that guarantees its authenticity.

Before the best compound of medicines is found, the toxicologist is called in to assess the safety factor of the drug or the series. In most cases the best compound will be that with the highest therapeutic index, i.e. the ratio of the lethal dose to the active one. The most potent compound is not always the best: frequently, a less active but also less toxic one will be chosen.

Once the toxicologists have agreed on the safety of the compound, the next step is its clinical trial.

The realization of medicines is promoted by presenting the license given by the State Department of Quality and Safety Control and Production of Medicines and Medical Articles.

Answer the quethions:

1. What do we call a chemist's shop?

2. What kinds of chemist's shops do you know?

3. What can we buy at the chemist's?

4. Where are all the drugs kept at the chemist's?

5. What drugs can we take by prescription only?

6. What are the necessary particulars on the label?

7. What are the essential parts of the complete prescription?

8. What is the difference between superscription, subscription and inscription?

9. What is the body of prescription?

10. What parts does the inscription consist of?

Duties of the pharmacist in a pharmacy.

Обов’язки фармацевта в аптеці.

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

обов'язки-…………………………..

відповідальність-…………………………….

Виконувати-………………………………….

Рецепт-………………………………….

Розглядати-……………………………..

Забезпечувати-……………………………

Піклуватися-…………………………….

неправильно вживати-…………………………….

побічна дія-………………………………

може спричинити-……………………….

асептичні методики-…………………………….

стерильна продукція-……………………………..

обережність, застережний захід-…………………………..

підтримувати (зберігати)-…………………………….

Інвентар-…………………………………………..

2. Find words by their definitions.

   someone whose job is to prepare medicines need e

   1. precaution 2. medication 3. inventory 4. pharmacist 5. prescription duty

3. To continue to offer.

also teach general public about drugs and advise them on safe use; wide range of applications as prescribed by physicians;development, preparation and usage;that the patient receives correct instructions; prescriptions and dispensing the medication ordered.

1. Pharmacists are experts in drug discovery,………………………………………………………………………..

2. Pharmacists not only dispense medications, they ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. Also pharmacists are responsible for doctor's …………………………………………………………………………………………..

4. Pharmacists check that the right amount of drugs is dispensed, and …………………………………………………………………………………….

5. They are capable of compounding and mixing drugs for a …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

III Writing

1. Write an essay on the topic: Duties of the pharmacist in a pharmacy.

2.Insert the missing words.

Computerized, extremely, professional, new drags.

1)Pharmacists are the people that are behind the counter of the pharmacy, always in a white coat and looking ……………………………….

2)Pharmacists must know their work ……………………… well, our lives depend on them.

3)Pharmacists have to know the most common drugs up to and including any ……………………………….. that is placed on the market.

4)Pharmacists have to know ……………………………. pharmacy medication to be able to order what drags they need.

3. Fill in the missing items in this word class table using a dictionary if necessary. Where there is a dash (—) you do not need to write anything.

Verb	Noun (a thing or an idea)	Noun (a person or an object)
—	pharmacy
drug
prescribe		—
	label	—
		separatist
		rubber
		supplier
	dispensary
—	chemist's	—

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence

Patient's mother: I have one. Pharmacist: Good.

Patient's mother: How about the side effects? Is there anything I should look for?

Pharmacist: Yes. Keep your eyes open for any side effects such as watery diarrhea. And if she gets a rash

or starts itching or wheezing, call your doctor immediately.

Patient's mother Can she eat with the medicine?

Pharmacist: Sure, And make sure she drinks plenty of water when you give her her dosage. Patient's mother: OK. I'll follow the directions on the bottle.

Pharmacist: Oh, one more thing. Make sure you refrigerate the medicine and make sure she finishes the entire amount, even if she begins to feel better. Patient's mother: Sure. Thank you so much.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence,

1. The patient's mother is complaining that her daughter:

2. a) has an earache

b} has an ear infection and is crying non-stop

c) is crying non-stop

3. The doctor prescribed:

   1. penicillin

   2. baby oil eardrops

   3. an antibiotic

4. The antibiotic is:

   1. astigmatism

   2. amoxicillin

   3. Augmentin

5. The patient is:

   1. almost 3 years old

   2. 3 months old

   3. 36 months old

6. The pharmacist recommends that the patient's mother buy a: a} measuring spoon

2. dose-measuring spoon

3. regular spoon

   6. The pharmacist teils the patient's mother to call the doctor immediately if her daughter:

      1. has some diarrhea

      2. gets a rash, starts itching, or starts wheezing c} stops crying

Самостійна робота

PHARMACIST'S DUTIES

Not many people know everyday functions and commitments of a pharmacist. Going to your local pharmacy is one of the most routine trips, but have you ever wondered what people dispense your drugs?

Pharmacists are experts in drug discovery, development, preparation and usage. They are both professional scientists and qualified health care practitioners. Pharmacists work in. hospitals, in the community and in the pharmaceutical industry. They promote the safe and effective use of medicines and ensure quality patient care. Often, pharmacists are the first point of information on medicines for the public and other health care professionals, and must be effective communicators.

Pharmacists, or pharmaceutical chemists, are specialized individuals in the field of chemistry. Their responsibilities are to take care of patients' health and — in many cases — their lives.

The knowledge of medications is absolutely vital for a pharmacist. Pharmacists not only dispense medications, they also teach general public about drugs and advise them on safe use. This is probably the single most important responsibility of pharmacists. If they cannot educate healthcare staff and general public about medications, there is a serious risk that drugs will be misused. A pharmacist explains to the patient when to take the medications and how they must be taken.

Pharmacists also have to keep track of the newest drugs on the market and have the ability to answer questions regarding them as well. Pharmacists never stop learning about medications and pay attention to detail in such an important sphere.

Also pharmacists are responsible for doctor's prescriptions and dispensing the medication ordered. Pharmacists check that the right amount of drugs is dispensed, and that the patient receives correct instructions. Pharmacists also have to dispense medications correctly and accurately. They make sure that the right drug is dispensed, and that it is given to the right patient in the right dosage. They are capable of compounding and mixing drugs for a wide range of applications as prescribed by physicians.

Nowadays pharmacy as a profession continues to grow and expand as well as pharmacist's duties.

Answer the questions.

1. Who is a pharmacist/pharmaceutical chemist?

2. What are the main duties of a pharmacist?

3. What is absolutely vital for a pharmacist?

4. What should pharmacists check?

5. What are pharmacists capable of?

6. Is it necessary for the pharmacists to continue learning about medication? Why?

Phytopharmacy

Фітофармація

1. Active Vocabulary.

1. Translate into English

причина, мета-…………………………

складова частина-………………………..

середній-……………………………..

обіймати, охоплювати-………………………………..

речовина-……………………………….

Клітинний-…………………………….

Чистий-………………………….

виникати, з'являтися-………………………….

умова, стан-………………………………

властивий, притаманний-…………………………..

2.Match the meaning of the word combinations with their translation.

1. medicinal plants	а. клітинна структура
2. pharmacological action	b. основні принципи
3. essential principles	с. медичні рослини
4. biological function	d. фармакологічна дія
5. cellular structure	е. чиста суміш
6. individual plants	f. антагоністичні принципи
7. pure compounds	g. окремі рослини
8. antagonistic principles	h. біологічна функція

3.Complete the sentences using the words from the list.

latent, similar, the active compounds, compounds, phytoconstituents, constantly, outside, biological

1. Often it produces a series of structurally related compounds having ... pharmacological properties.

2. The inactive ... may interfere with the action of the active ones or they may be their precursors.

3. The inactive principles may alter the activity of the drug by physical means, for example, they may act as co-solvents of... or delay their absorption or diffusion in the organism.

4. Sometimes intrinsic factors are ... in the plant and only appear as a response to the appropriate external factors.

5. Their biological function is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special importance ... the plant because of their pharmacological action.

6. Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite ... function.

7. Plants are ... metabolising, both breaking down preformed molecules and building new ones at the same time.

8. Nature produces an astonishing variety of complex ... which embrace all fields of pharmacological action.

III Writing.

1 Complete the sentences using the words from the list.

importance outside, biological function, constituents, pharmacological, Plants, structures and pharmacological, embrace all fields.

1. Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite ……………………………

2. Medicinal plants are important for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, active ………………………… and intermediates for semisynthetic drugs.

3. Their biological function is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special ………………………. the plant because of their pharmacological action.

4. This situation may be complicated when there are synergistic or antagonistic principles or substances with other ……………………………… effects in the plant at the same time.

5. ……………… that give drugs have both active and inactive substances.

6. Drugs in general arise from a heterogeneous population of individual plants living under a variety of conditions.

7. Inactive substances include cellular …………………………………………… inactive compounds.

8. Nature produces an astonishing variety of complex phytoconstituents which ………………………….. of pharmacological action.

2. Fill in prepositions where necessary.

1. Sometimes intrinsic factors are latent ... the plant and only appear as a response ... the appropriate external factors.

2. Drugs ... general arise ... a heterogeneous population of individual plants living ... a variety of conditions.

3. The inactive principles may alter the activity of the drug ... physical means, ... example, they may act as co-solvents of the active compounds or delay their absorption or diffusion ... the organism.

4. Also the inactive compounds may interfere ... the action of the active... ones or they may be their precursors.

5. The inactive substances include ... cellular structures and pharmacological inactive ... compounds.

6. Besides their own essential ... principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce ... other principles, which apparently do not ... have any definite biological function.

7. Medicinal plants are important ... many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, ... active constituents or ... the intermediates ... semi-synthetic drugs.

3. Write an essay on the topic: Phytopharmacy.

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Pharmacist: Hello. Can i help you?

Patient's mother: I hope so. My daughter is teething and she's drooling a lot I've tried everything. I rub her gums; I give her a frozen washcloth. J've even massaged her gums with a frozen banana. I'm starting to pull my hair out.

Pharmacist: Have you tried children's Tylenol?

Patient's mother: Yeah, I did. It gave her temporary relief but then she starts crying again and gets

fussy. And she doesn't want to eat.

Pharmacist: Weil, I can recommend Zilactin Baby.

Patient mother: I've never heard of it. Am i going to need to get a doctor's prescription for it? Pharmacist: No, mom. It's a nonprescription medicated gel that works fast. And it even has a grape flavor. How old is your daughter? Patient's mother: She's 6 months old.

Pharmacist: OK, then you should try Zilactin Baby. You can find it in the baby products aisle. Patient's mother: Do I rub the gel on her gums?

Pharmacist: Yeah. With your finger tip or a cotton swab, apply a small amount on her gums, but don't do it more than four times a day. If you see a rash or hives, call your pediatrician. Patient's mother: Thank you so much. I'll try it.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. The child's mother is complaining that her:

   1. 6-month-old son is teething

   2. 6-rnonth-oid daughter has infected gums

   3. 6-month-old daughter is teething and drooling

2. To relieve her daughter's teething pain, the mother has: a)fed her daughter bananas

b}rubbed her daughter's gums, given her a frozen washcloth, and massaged her daughter's gums with a

frozen banana c) cleaned her daughter's gums with a frozen washcloth

3. The pharmacist asks the mother if she has given her child:

   1. Children's Tylenol

   2. Zilactin Baby

c)Tylenol Baby

Самостійна робота

Phytopharmacy

Phytopharmacy is the study of the plants that are used as drugs and the drugs that are isolated from plants. Medicinal plants are important for many reasons: they provide us with natural drugs, active constituents and intermediates for semi-synthetic drugs. Nature produces an astonishing variety of complex phytoconstituents which embrace all fields of pharmacological action.

Plants are constantly metabolising, both breaking down preformed molecules and building new ones at the same time. Besides their own essential principles, the so-called primary plant products, plants produce other principles, which apparently do not have any definite bio-logical function. These are the so-called secondary products. Their biological function is often discussed but the fact is that many of them have a special importance outside the plant because of their pharmacological action. Plants that give drugs have both active and inactive substances. The inactive substances include cellular structures and pharmacological inactive compounds.

A plant seldom has only one active principle. Often it produces a series of structurally related compounds having similar pharmacological properties. In this case it is possible to use either the total principles or the isolated and chemically pure compounds. This situation may be complicated when there are synergistic or antagonistic principles or substances with other pharmacological effects in the plant at the same time. Also the inactive compounds may interfere with the action of the active ones or they may be their precursors. The inactive principles may alter the activity of the drug by physical means, for example, they may act as co-solvents of the active compounds or delay their absorption or diffusion in the organism.

Drugs in general arise from a heterogeneous population of individual plants living under a variety of conditions. Therefore, it is not surprising that their quality is affected by their variability, which is due to two main causes: intrinsic (endogenous) factors inherent to the genetic constitution and independent of external conditions; and extrinsic (exogenous) factors dependent on the ecological and environmental conditions in which the plant grows.

Sometimes intrinsic factors are latent in the plant and only appear as a response to the appropriate external factors.

Answer the questions:

1. What is phytopharmacy?

2. Are medicinal plants important? Why?

3. What does nature produce?

4. Are plants constantly metabolising?

5. Besides their own essential principles, what do plants produce?

6. May the situation be complicated when there are synergistic or antagonistic principles or substances with other pharmacological effects in the plant at the same time?

7. May the inactive compounds interfere with the action of the active ones or may they be their precursors?

8. How do drugs arise from a heterogeneous population of individual plants?

9. Are intrinsic factors latent in the plant and only appear as a response to the appropriate external factors?

10. May the inactive principles alter the activity of the drug by physical means?

Тема : Ліки

Types of plants. Medicinal plants

Види рослин. Лікарські рослини

1. Active Vocabulary

1. Translate into English

Рослина- ……………………….

Кора-…………………..

Листок-………………………

Корінь-…………………..

Насіння-……………………..

Збирати-…………………..

Запилення-…………………………

Недостиглий-………………………..

Екстракт-………………………………

Настойка-………………………….

Зберігати-…………………………

Сушити-……………………………..

особиста гігієна-…………………..

2.Match the following English word combinations and their Ukrainian translations.

1. modern medicine

a) ефективні заходи b) сучасна медицина c) лікарська рослина d) благополуччя e) активна складова

2. effective measures

3. active ingredient

4. well-being

5. medicinal plant

3.Translate into English.

1. Важлива роль у медицині

……………………………………………………………

2.Спостереження і експериментування

………………………………………………………………………

3.Саліцилова кислота

……………………………………………………..

4. Ботаніки та хіміки

…………………………………………………………..

5. Поля та ліси

………………………………………………..

6. Відповідний час

…………………………………………………………

7. Вільна циркуляція повітря

………………………………………………………………

8. Парфумерія

…………………………………………………………

9. Природне багатство

…………………………………………………………….

III Writing

1. Write an essay on the topic: Medicinal plants.

2. Insert the missing words:

drank tea, intricately, pills, healing, Flowers, preparations, personal care, microorganisms, ventilated and equipped.

MEDICINAL PLANTS

A medicinal plant is any plant which, in one or more of its parts, contains sub¬stance that can be used for therapeutic рифове or which is a precursor for synthesis of useful drugs.

Historically, plants have played an important role in medicine. For early peo¬ple, they came easily to hand, and were ……………………………… connected to diet and …………………………. Through observation and experimentation, they learned which plants promoted health and well-being.

Without plants, most medicines you take would not exist. Over 40 % of medi¬cines now prescribed in the U.S. contain chemicals derived from plants. Histori¬cally, plant medicines were discovered by trial and error. Our ancestors noticed that aches and pains went away when they ……………………………. made from the bark of a willow tree.

Later, scientists found that willow bark contains salicylic acid, the active in¬gredient in aspirin. Over time, the practice of herbal medicine has grown more complex. Science has enabled us to process natural substances into ………………………, tinctures and powders. Throughout the world, botanists and chemists search the plant king¬dom for new medicines.

Today many drug plants are cultivated and many drug plants are collected from fields and woods. Drugs are made from fruits, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds of the plants.

It is very important to collect plants in proper time. Leaves are collected when they are fully developed. The time of the day is also important in the collection of medicinal plants. …………………………….. are collected before the time of pollination. Fruits are collected when they are fully grown but unripe. To dry plants correctly is also very important. If it is made carelessly the drug may be spoiled.

The plant parts most preferred in medicinal plants are roots. Of the medicinal plants found in the shops, 61 % were in the fonn of roots, 22 % in the form of whole plant, 15 % in the form of barks, 1 % in the form of fruits and the other 1 % in the form of leaves.

Medicinal plant materials should be stored in separate areas. The storage area should be well …………………………………………… in such a way as to protect against the entry of insects or other animals, especially rodents. Effective measures should be taken to limit the spread of animals and …………………………………introduced with the plant mate¬rial and to prevent cross-contamination. Containers should be located in such a way as to allow free air circulation.

Special attention should be paid to the cleanliness and good maintenance of the storage areas, particularly when dust is generated. The storage of plants, ex¬tracts, tinctures and other ……………………………………….may require special conditions of humidity and temperature or protection from light; steps should be taken to ensure that these conditions are provided and monitored.

The medicinal uses of plants grade into their uses for other purposes, as for food, cleaning, ………………………………. and perfumery. Plants are used in medicine to main¬tain and augment health — physically, mentally and spiritually — as well as to treat specific conditions and ailments. They serve as therapeutic agents as well as important raw materials for the manufacture of traditional and modern medicine. Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a country.

3.Complete the sentences with suitable words.

a) medicines; b) proper time; c) plants; d) country; e) areas; J) medicine; g) cultivated

1.Historically, plants have played an important role in ... .

2.Over 40 % of medicines now prescribed contain chemicals derived from ...

3.Throughout the world, botanists and chemists search the plant kingdom for new ....

4.Today many medicinal plants are ... .

5.It is very important to collect plants in

6.Medicinal plant materials should be stored in separate ....

7.Medicinal plants constitute an important natural wealth of a ... .

Read the dialogue. Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

Pharmacist; Hello, are you here to pick up a prescription or to get one filled? Patient; Actually, I'm here to get a prescription filled. Pharmacist: I see. it's a prescription for Levoxyl. Have you been here before? Patient; Yeah. I was here last year for a sinus infection. I was on ampicillin. Pharmacist: What's your name?

Patient: Linda Anderson. My birth date is 1/2/69. J was wondering... could you hurry up? I'm really cold. It's so cold in here.

Pharmacist: I'll try. OK, I see you are in our system. You still live on Sunset Road?

Patient: No, I moved. I live on 32 Harvard Road, but same town. And I have the same phone number.

Pharmacist: OK. Thanks for the update. Now, I need to ask you a couple of questions. Are you taking any

medication?

Patient: Weil, I take vitamins. And I cut my finger 2 days ago, so I've been taking Tylenol and putting Neosporin on the cut.

Pharmacist: Have you been on Levoxyl before?

Patient: No, this is my first time. I have hypo . .. something to do with my thyroid. It's so confusing. All I know is that I'm always cold and really super tired and I forget things and I can't concentrate. And I've gained weight but I'm not eating more.

Pharmacist: Your doctor has given you a prescription for levoxyl because you have hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid. Levoxyl is a synthetic thyroid hormone that will replace the hormone that is normally produced by your thyroid gland. Patient: How often do i take it?

Pharmacist: Your doctor has prescribed 50 meg once a day. It's a good idea to take it in the morning on an empty stomach about a half hour before breakfast. Your doctor will monitor you. Patient: Are there any strange side effects?

Pharmacist; Well, not all people react in the same way. But let your doctor know if you begin experiencing

headaches, nervousness, trembling, or sweating. There's a list of possible side effects on the computer

printout you will receive with the medication, in very rare cases, some people might experience some hair

loss until their bodies adjust to the medication. Let your doctor know.

Patient; Will it make me sleepy?

Pharmacist: Well, no, but it may cause insomnia.

Patient: Great. Just what! need.

Pharmacist; You can always call us or your doctor if you have any concerns. Patient: 1 know. Thanks. Here is my insurance card, I think I only have a $5 co-pay.

Answer the questions below by selecting the answer that correctly completes each sentence.

1. Why is the patient in the pharmacy?

   1. to pick up a prescription

   2. to get a prescription filled

   3. to pay for her prescription

2. The prescription is for:

b} Levoxlytine

100. Levoxy

     4. Levoxyl

        3. The patient's name Is:

           1. Linda Anders

           2. Lynn Danders

           3. Linda Anderson

              2. January 2,1969

              3. January 2,1959

s. The patient tells the pharmacist she has been taking: a} vitamins only

b} vitamins, Tylenol, and Neosporin for her cut finger c) Tylenol and vitamins only 6 The patient was in the pharmacy a year ago for:

1. amoxicillin

2. ampicillin

antacids

Самостійна робота

ALOE VERA

Aloe vera is a species of the Aloe plant at is native to northern Africa. Although used topically to treat burns, aloe vera also provides natural support for the immune system.

Aloe vera has been found to be a concentrated plant source of health-supporting polysaccharides — the beta-glucomannans, a class of long-chain sugars. Clinical studies have found these polysaccharides directly affect cells in the immune system.

Fresh aloe vera contains many other constituents, including vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fatty acids, a natura1 form of salicylic acid, and plant sterols (with antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties). Aloe vera also contains trace amounts of vitamin B]2 and is one of the rare plant sources for this nutrient.

In fact, aloe vera has several medicinal purposes. Its leaves can be split to get out it the juice to rub on the skin to treat sunburns, wounds, insect bites, wrinkles, scratches, and skin irritations. A tea made from its dried juice serves to be a good wash to wounds and the eyes. According to a study in Europe, it can also reduce the blood sugar levels in people with diabetes. It also treats asthma, stomach ache, fever, and headache. Topical application of aloe vera may be effective for genital herpes and psoriasis. Aloe vera extracts have antibacterial and antifungal activities.

So aloe is used externally for the treatment of: - skin irritation;

- burns;

- scalds;

- sunburn;

- wounds;

- eczema;

- psoriasis;

- acne;

- dermatitis;

- ulcers;

- to stimulate cell regeneration.

And aloe is used internally to combat most digestive problems, including:

- constipation; -poor appetite;

- colitis;

- asthma;

- diabetes;

- immune system enhancement;

- peptic ulcers.

This herb is one of the main attractions of the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and also the most widely used ingredient — starting from vitamins and laxatives to face creams and body care lotions. Owing to its properties, aloe vera was incorporated in the composition of deodorants. A wide variety of products with curative and therapeutic effects is obtained from aloe vera, one of the most effective herbs.

Answer the following questions.

1. What is aloe vera?

2. What constituents does fresh aloe vera contain?

3. How can we use the leaves of aloe vera?

4. For what purpose does a tea made from aloe vera serve to?

5. What may topical application of aloe vera be effective for?

6. What activities have aloe vera extracts?

7. For the treatment of what disorders is aloe used externally?

8. Is aloe vera used internally to combat most digestive problems? Name them.

9. Is aloe used only in the pharmaceutical industry?

10. What can you say about the effectiveness of aloe?

Drugs

Ліки

1. Active Vocabulary

1.Translate into English

Синтезувати-……………………………………………..

виготовляти, відпускати (ліки)-…………………………………..

впливати на-…………………………………..

руйнувати-……………………………………………

видалення-………………………………………….

взаємодія-……………………………………

підрозділ-…………………………………………….

шкідливий-………………………………………………

хімічна терапія-………………………………………………..

ідіосинкразія, гіперчутливість до чогось, алергія-………………………………………………………………………………………

передбачуваний-………………………………………

потребувати-……………………………………

протиотрута-…………………………………….

увага, застереження-…………………………………….

усувати-………………………………………

алопеція, облисіння-…………………………………

ускладнення-………………………………….

жовтяниця-…………………………………..