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- •Практичне заняття 4.1
- •«In a Hospital»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •In a hospital
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •A minute for a joke
- •VI. Project-Work
- •Addactivity
- •I feel terrible
- •Практичне заняття 4.2
- •«How to Check Pulse»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •4. Match definitions with words.
- •Reading
- •How to check pulse
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •VI. Project-Work
- •Addactivity
- •Практичне заняття 4.3
- •«Infectious Diseases. Scarlet Fever and Measles»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •4. Match definitions with words.
- •A disease agent
- •Infectious Diseases: Measles and Scarlet Fever
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •A minute for o joke
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •VI. Project-Work
- •Addactivity
- •Практичне заняття 4.4
- •«At the Doctor’s»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •4. Match definitions with words.
- •At the doctor's
- •Visiting a Doctor When You Are Sick
- •Visiting a Doctor When You Are Not Sick
- •A minute for a joke
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •VI. Project-Work
- •Addactivity
- •Практичне заняття 4.5
- •Вплив погоди на настрій і здоров’я людей. У лікаря.
- •Оволодіння лексико-граматичним мінімумом та найуживанішими виразами зі сфери погоди, здоров’я людини, спілкування пацієнта з лікарями-спеціалістами. «Medicine. The Usage of Drugs»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •4 Match definitions with words.
- •A minute for a joke
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •A minute fop a joke
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •VI. Project-Work
- •Addactivity
- •Easy Solution
- •Практичне заняття 4.6
- •Оволодіння лексико-граматичним мінімумом та найуживанішими виразами зі сфери погоди, здоров’я людини, спілкування пацієнта з лікарями-спеціалістами. «Diseases»
- •I. Speaking
- •II. Work with Text
- •4. Match definitions with words.
- •Diseases
- •III. Vocabulary and Language
- •IV. Work with Proverbs
- •V. Getting to Talk
- •VI. Project-Work
- •A minute for a joke
- •I. Read and memorize the following words:
- •II. Learn the following word-combinations:
- •IV. Answer the following questions:
- •V.Complete the following sentences using the words from the right-hand column:
- •VI. First match the words and appropriate questions. Then practice the conversation substituting these words and questions according tothemodel. Answer with personal information:
- •V.Translate into Ukrainian:
- •VI. Translate into English:
- •IX. Fill out fhe form:
- •XI. Ask questions on the text and retell it:
- •VIII. Translate into English
- •IX. Use the absolute form of possessive pronouns instead of tbe conjoint in the following word-combinations according to the model:
- •X. Translate the pronouns in brackets into English:
- •XI. Translate into English
- •I. Read and memorize the following words and expressions:
- •IX. Complete the following dialogues:
- •X. Make up your own dialogues using the following word combinations:
- •XI. Ask questions to the text and retell it:
- •XII. Make up questions and let your fellow-students answer them:
- •I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate articles :
- •II. Put the nouns of the following sentences into plural. Mind the articles.
- •III. Copy out correct sentences. Mind the articles:
- •VI. Fill in the blanks with articles where it is necessary:
- •V. Translate into English paying attention to the articles:
- •I. Read and memorize the following words:
- •II. Learn the following phrases:
- •XI. Read and translate the text:
- •XIV. Read aloud and ask questions on the text:
- •XV. Ask as many questions on the text as possible:
- •XVI. Learn the poem by heart:
- •Give the plural of the following nouns:
- •Fill in the blanks with the necessary words in brackets:
- •Choose the correct form of the noun:
- •Open the brackets:
- •Complete the following sentences using nouns in
- •Translate into English the following sentences paying attention to the nouns:
- •Vocabulary and reading
- •1. A) Answer the following questions.
- •2. A) What factors are important in order to succeed in language learning? Rank the following items in the order of their significance (1 — for the most important).
- •1.Complete the sentences with the correct tense and voice forms of the verbs from the box.
- •Read the following definitions of the words from page 33 of your textbook; write the words into the grid and find out the secret word.
- •Read the text below. For questions (1—12) choose the correct answer (a, b, c or d).
- •Read the replies and make up a dialogue. Act it out in pairs.
- •Read the text below. For questions (1—5) choose the correct answer (a, b, c or d).
- •Elements of conversation Мовленєвий етикет
- •II Speaking
- •Introducing people
- •The Role of the English Language Роль іноземної мови в житті сучасної людини
- •II Speaking
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •I study english
- •Personal information. Biography of the student. Особиста інформація. Біографія студента
- •I Vocabulary
- •1. Make up sentences:
- •2. Translate into Ukrainian
- •II Speaking
- •2. Complete the following sentences using the words: aunt, cousin, father, brother, sister, grandfather, uncle, niece, grandmother, nepher, mother
- •3.Fill in the blanks with words: parents, speciality, relatives, work, introduce, brother, wife
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •My Native City
- •I Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian
- •2. Translate into English
- •3. Fill in the blanks with road and way:
- •II Speaking
- •3. Complete the following dialogues:
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •Самостоятельная работа Writing resume activity Employment: Step 3. Résumé
- •Components of a Chronological Résumé
- •Functional language Résumé Writing
- •Culture file British English versus American English
- •I Vocabulary
- •3. Translate into Ukrainian
- •II Speaking
- •III Writing
- •2. Match the letter beginnings and endings.
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •I Vocabulary
- •1. Suggest Ukrainian equivalents for:
- •2. Learn the following word combinations
- •II Speaking
- •1. Work in groups. You are a travel agent. Tell your clients about the most interesting places in Great Britain. Compile a guide The uk Is Worth Visiting for foreign tourists.
- •III Writing
- •4. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •Great britain
- •I Vocabulary
- •II Speaking
- •III Writing
- •1. Complete the sentences.
- •2. Write a small essay “Education in my school”
- •3. The system of education in the usa
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •II Speaking
- •1. If someone told you that they had one of the following medical problems, what would you advise them to do to help them get better quickly?
- •III Writing
- •I) object,
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •At the doctor's
- •Medical examination
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences with equivalents from the text.
- •III. Read the text and learn how doctors can help you.
- •Visiting a doctor when you are sick
- •Visiting a doctor when you are not sick
- •IV. Post-reading activities
- •V. Are the sentences true or false? Correct false state ments.
- •VI. Answer the questions.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions on the text:
- •Medical examination
- •I. Active vocabulary
- •II. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences with equivalents from the text.
- •III. Read the text and learn how doctors can help you.
- •Visiting a doctor when you are sick
- •Visiting a doctor when you are not sick
- •IV. Post-reading activities
- •V. Are the sentences true or false? Correct false state ments.
- •VI. Answer the questions.
- •VII. Read and translate the text.
- •VIII. Answer the following questions on the text:
- •I Vocabulary
- •II Speaking
- •Fill in the blanks with missing words.
- •III Writing
- •1. Complete the first half of each sentence with the best second half.
- •IV Самостійна робота
- •Healthy Way of Life. Vitamins. Здоровий спосіб життя. Вітаміни.
- •I. Active Vocabulary
- •II. Work with Text
- •1. Match definitions with words.
- •Vitamins
- •Good health!
- •IV. Vocabulary and Language
- •1. Scrambled Dialogue
- •A minute for a joke
- •V. What questions would you ask to obtain the following information?
- •VI. Speaking
- •VII. Read the text ten rules of good health
- •Hygiene of nutrition. Diseases. Гігієна харчування. Хвороби
- •I. Active Vocabulary.
- •II. Work with text
- •2. Replace the italicized parts of the sentences with equivalents from the text.
- •III. Read and translate the text
- •IV. Vocabulary and Language
- •1. Complete the sentences with proper words.
- •2. Good Health Practices.
- •3. Answer the questions.
- •4. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •V. Speaking
- •VI. Additional texts
- •2.Match the definition with its term.
- •3. Match the words with their definitions.
- •3. Match the synonyms.
- •Chemistry. The subject and its study. Sections of chemistry. Хімія. Предмет і її вивчення. Розділи хімії.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Match the words with their synonyms.
- •2. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •3. Answer the following questions.
- •4. To write a mini essay on the topic
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work chemistry
- •Organic Chemistry. Органічна хімія.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •2. Translate from Ukrainian to English.
- •3. Translate sentences.
- •II. Dialogues
- •1. Work with a partner. Here are his answers. Ask him questions.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Match each word from column a with its opposite from column b
- •2. Complete, the following sentences.
- •3. Answer the following questions.
- •4. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work organic chemistry
- •Chemical compounds. Хімічні сполуки.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •2. Find the odd word in each row.
- •3. Translate from Ukrainian to English.
- •4. Translate from Ukrainian to English.
- •II. Dialogues
- •1. Make up dialogues answering the questions.
- •2. Read and act out the following dialogue between a pharmacist and a customer.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Match each word from column a with its opposite from column b.
- •2. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •3. Complete the sentences.
- •4. Answer the questions.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work chemical compounds
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate sentences.
- •2. Translate from Ukrainian to English.
- •3. Fill in the blanks using the words under the line.
- •2. Read the names of the elements and identify their location in relation to other
- •3. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •4. You've discovered a new element. What name would you like to give to the new element? Describe its properties, molecular weight, its use in chemistry, pharmacy, and industry. Самостійна робота
- •Independent work
- •Periodic table of the lements
- •XI тема: Профілактична медицина.
- •40. Preventive medicine. Профілактична медицина.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •Vitamin с
- •Infection
- •2. Match the endings and beginnings to form sentences.
- •3. Comment upon the proverb.
- •4. Complete the sentence:
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work preventive medicine
- •41. Infectious diseases. Інфекційні захворювання
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of the following words.
- •2. Match the words with the definitions.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •II. Dialogues
- •1. Complete the dialogue with the words/phrases below and act it out.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Match the following English words with the Ukrainian ones.
- •2. Match the sentence beginnings with their endings.
- •3. Complete the descriptions of vitamins, minerals, and oils with the words from the box.
- •4. Translate the sentences into English.
- •5. Complete the sentences by choosing appropriate words or expressions from the box. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.
- •III. Writing
- •1. What questions would you ask to obtain the following information?
- •2. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •3. Complete the sentences about vitamins with the words from the box. One word is used twice.
- •4. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •5. Match the vitamins with their chemical names.
- •6. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Translate the completed text into Ukrainian.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work nutrition
- •Xіі тема: Основні системи людського організму.
- •43. Human body. Людське тіло.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •1. Find English equivalents of the Ukrainian words.
- •2. Match the following names of body parts with the definitions.
- •3. Choose the appropriate sentence endings.
- •4. Complete the following sentences choosing suitable words from the box.
- •5. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Match the conditions with the organs affected using your medical knowledge.
- •4. Match the following English words with the Ukrainian ones.
- •5. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work human body
- •The Musculoskeletal System. Кістково-м'язова система.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Match the following English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:
- •2. Find substitutes for the following terms:
- •3. Fill in the blanks with the words given under the line.
- •2. Fill in the table:
- •3. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •4. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work the human skeleton
- •The Cardiovascular System. Серцево-судинна система.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Match the following English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:
- •2. Match the terms and their definitions.
- •3. Match the following English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones:
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •2. Continue the following sentences.
- •3. Match the anatomical terms and their definitions.
- •4. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •5.Fill in the table and compare your findings with your partner's.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work heart attack
- •The Digestive System. Травна система.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Match the terms and their definitions.
- •2. Put the sentences in the right order.
- •3. Study some terms denoting digestive system disorders, but first match the terms and their definitions.
- •4. Match the terms and their definitions.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Fill in the table. Compare your answers with your partner's
- •4. Make a dialogue between a doctor and a patient, who has ulcer symptoms. Act it out.
- •5. Answer the following questions.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work ulcers (digestive)
- •The Respiratory System. Дихальна система.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Fill in the blanks.
- •2. Match the anatomical terms and their definitions.
- •3. Read and discuss the information obtained
- •4. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Say whether the sentences are true or false.
- •4.Read and translate the following proverb.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work asthma
- •The Nervous System. Нервова система
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •1. Match the following English word combinations and the Ukrainian ones:
- •2. Fill in the blanks.
- •3. Read and memorize the English idioms containing the word brain. Make your own sentences with the idioms.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •2. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Make up a dialogue between a neurologist and a patient. Here is vocabulary for you to speak about nervous system problems.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work nervous system disorders
- •The Endocrine System. Ендокринна система
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •1. Match the following English word combinations and the Ukrainian ones.
- •2. Say whether the following sentences are true or false.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with suitable words.
- •Самостійна робота
- •Independent work the anatomy and functions of the endocrine system
- •The Urinary System. Сечовидільна система.
- •I. Vocabulary.
- •1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words.
- •2. Fill in the blanks with the words given below.
- •3. Say whether the sentences are true or false.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Select the appropriate word from the list provided.
- •2. Answer the following questions.
- •3. Make up a dialogue between a nephrologist and a patient. Here is vocabulary for you to speak about urinary system problems.
- •4. Describe the process of urine development from formation to urination. Самостійна робота
- •Independent work
- •Kidney stones
- •Development of Pharmacy and Medicine in Europe. Розвиток фармації і медицини в Європі.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •2. Match the words/word combinations and their translations.
- •Development of Pharmacy and Medicine in Ukraine. Розвиток фармації і медицини в Україні
- •1. Answer the following questions.
- •Prominent chemists, pharmacists and doctors. Видатні хіміки, фармацевти і лікарі.
- •History of Medicine. Історія медицини.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Match the following Ukrainian word combinations with the English ones.
- •2. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
- •3. Form a noun from each verb below. Use a dictionary for help.
- •4. Match the words that mean the same. Use a dictionary if necessary.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with one of the words from the box.
- •6. Match these definitions with the words.
- •7. Complete the following sentences choosing suitable words from the box.
- •8. Use the correct prepositions.
- •9. Say whether the following statements are true using: I'm sure that…, frankly speaking…, to my mind…, in my opinion ... .
- •10. Match the words with their definitions.
- •11. Fill in the gaps with the words from the box.
- •12. Fill in the correct prepositions.
- •13. Complete the following sentences choosing suitable words from the box.
- •14. Say whether the following statements are true using: I'd like to tell…, the thing is…, it is necessary to note…, first of all... .
- •16. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •1. Read the text "History of Medicine: Part 2" and answer the following questions.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into English
- •2. Match the following terms with their definitions.
- •3. Match the English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use item in sentences of your own.
- •4. Match the beginnings of sentences with their endings.
- •5. Match each word from column a with its opposite from column b.
- •II. Dialogue
- •2. Make questions for the answers. Then, in pairs, act out the dialogue.
- •III. Writing
- •1.Complete the sentences by filling in the gaps with the correct words or expressions.
- •2. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the list.
- •4. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
- •5. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms.
- •6. Correct the statements below.
- •1. Answer the following questions.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into English
- •1. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •2. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Match the English word combinations with the Ukrainian ones and use them in sentences of your own.
- •4. Match the beginnings of sentences with their endings.
- •5. Complete the sentences by filling in the gaps with the correct words or expressions.
- •6. Match the words with the definitions.
- •II. Dialogue
- •1. Can you do these tasks on you own?
- •2. Make questions for the answers. Then, in pairs, act out the dialogue.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate words or expressions from the box. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.
- •2. Complete the sentences by choosing the appropriate prepositions. Translate the completed sentences into Ukrainian.
- •3. Translate the following sentences into English.
- •4. Fill in the gaps with the words and word combinations from the list.
- •5. Fill in prepositions where necessary.
- •6. Replace the underlined words with their synonym's.
- •7 . Match each word from column a with its opposite from column b.
- •8. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •Cardiovascular disease. Серцево-судинні захворювання.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into English
- •2.Guess the meaning of the following words
- •3. Match the word with its definition
- •1.Write an essay on the topic: Cardiovascular disease.
- •2. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •3.Insert the word in the sense.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1.Translate into English
- •2.Match the word with its definition.
- •3.Translate into Ukrainian.
- •1.Write an essay on the topic: Cardiovascular drugs.
- •2.Complete the sentences using the words and word combinations from the list below.
- •3.Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the list.
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.
- •3. Fill in prepositions. One preposition should be used twice.
- •1. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •2.Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.
- •3.Fill in the prepositions from the list. One preposition should be used twice.
- •Drugs that overcome infection preventing it.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into English
- •2. Match the words with the definitions.
- •3. Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases.
- •4. Match the words with their opposites.
- •II. Dialogue
- •1. Complete the dialogue with the words below and act it out.
- •III. Writing
- •1. Fill in the gaps with words and word combinations from the list.
- •2. Fill in the correct prepositions. Use one of them twice.
- •3. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms.
- •4. Fill in the prepositions. Use two of them twice.
- •5. Choose the correct word.
- •6. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •Drugs that Fight Infection and Drugs that Prevent Infectious Diseases
- •How aids affects on the humon body.
- •I. Vocabulary
- •1. Translate into English
- •2. Match the words with the definitions.
- •3. Match each word from column a with its opposite from column b.
- •1. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the words from the list.
- •3. Fill in the correct preposition. Use one of them twice.
- •4. Replace the underlined words with their synonyms from the list.
- •5.Fill in the words from the list, then make sentences using the completed phrases. Key, eating, yeast, closely, transmit, share, weight, health-care, immunodeficiency, develop
- •How aids Affects the Body
- •1. Answer the following questions.
- •2. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
- •Antibiotics. Антибіотики.
- •2. Сhoose the correct variant.
- •2. Сorrect the false statements
- •3. Read the text and arrange the events in the chronological order.
- •History of Antibiotics
- •Testing and Producing Antibiotics
1. Answer the following questions.
What is AIDS?
When and where were the first cases of AIDS identified?
When and where did researchers detect HIV in a specimen for the first time?
What is AIDS caused by?
Where do HIV-1 and HIV-2 occur?
What cells does HIV infect?
What are the symptoms of HIV?
What are the periods in AIDS flow?
What are the ways of HIV transmission?
What are the ways of preventing HIV transmission?
How is HIV not transmitted?
2. Say whether the following statements are true or false.
The virus named HIV-1 occurs mainly in Africa.
HIV-2 occurs throughout the world.
HIV destroys CD4 cells as fast as they are produced.
4. There are six periods in AIDS flow.
An infected person can transmit the virus to another person only if symptoms are present.
All people who have the virus know about it.
People who have the virus may look and feel completely well.
Antibiotics. Антибіотики.
I. Vocabulary
1. Translate into English
Антибиотик-это препарат, производимый определенных микробов. Антибиотические вещества, полученные из бактерий и грибков, которые обитают в воздухе, почве и воде. Большинство антибиотиков используются врачами для борьбы с различными болезнями вызываемые вредными микроорганизмами. Несколько используются для лечения некоторых видов рака.
2. Сhoose the correct variant.
Antibiotics are used to treat viral/bacterial infections.
Limited-spectrum/broad-spectrum antibiotics fight G+ and G- infections.
Antibiotics that fight pathogenic fungi/G+ infections include nystatin and griseofulvin.
Every/No broad-spectrum antibiotic is effective against all bacterial infections.
III. Writing
1. Write as much as you can about the three main dangers of antibiotics: (100 Words) - allergic reactions; - destruction of useful microorganisms; - damage to organs and tissues.
2. Сorrect the false statements
Antibiotic is a kind of microbes.
Antibiotics damage all cells of the body.
The number of deaths that are caused by meningitis, pneumonia, and scarlet fever had declined before people began using antibiotics.
Antibiotics are not effective in treating infectious diseases in animals.
3. Read the text and arrange the events in the chronological order.
Robert Koch developed methods of isolating and growing various kinds of bacteria.
A new antibiotic called streptomycin was discovered.
Alexander Fleming observed that a mold of the genus Penicillium produced a substance that destroyed bacteria.
Louis Pasteur discovered that bacteria spread infectious diseases.
Ernst B. Chain and Howard W. Florey developed a method of extracting and purifying small amounts of penicillin.
History of Antibiotics
For more than 2,500 years, people have treated certain skin infections with molds that form antibiotics. However, modern scientific study of these substances did not begin until the late 1800s. At that time, great French chemist Louis Pasteur discovered that bacteria spread infectious diseases. Then Robert Koch, a German bacteriologist, developed methods of isolating and growing various kinds of bacteria. Koch also identified specific bacteria that cause certain diseases.
Scientists,then began working to develop drugs that could destroy pathogenic microbes, but the substances they produced proved either ineffective or dangerous. A historic breakthrough came in 1928, when British bacteriologist Alexander Fleming observed that a mold of the genus Penicillium produced a substance that destroyed bacteria. He called the substance penicillin. Fleming recognized the potential use of penicillin in treating disease, but difficulty in extracting it from the mold hindered further experimentation.
In the late 1930s, two British scientists, Ernst B. Chain and Howard W. Florey, developed a method of extracting and purifying small amounts of penicillin. The first successful medical treatment with penicillin occurred in 1941, when a British policeman suffering from bacterial blood poisoning received the drug. But the small supply of penicillin prevented physicians from using the drug extensively. A high-yielding type of Penicillium mold was discovered in 1943, and penicillin production increased greatly.
In the early 1940s, American bacteriologist Selman A. Waksman tested about 10,000 types of soil bacteria for antibiotic activity. In 1943, he discovered that some Streptomyces, a type of fungi, produced a substance that had strong antibiotic properties. A new antibiotic called streptomycin resulted from Waksman's research.
Thousands of antibiotic substances have been found in the nature or produced chemically. However, relatively few antibiotic substances have proven to be safe and effective. In addition, certain types of pathogenic microbes have acquired resistance to some antibiotics.
Самостійна робота
Read the text and answer the questions.
When is an antibiotic tested in human beings?
What are the steps of antibiotics production?
How are semisynthetic antibiotics produced?
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