§ 6. Модальные и вспомогательные глаголы

6.1. Should

При переводе предложений с глаголом should трудность возникает из-за многообразия его значений в различных функциях.

1. В функции вспомогательного глагола should употребляется для образования будущего времени в прошедшем (обычно в придаточных предложениях с 1-м лицом) и для образования форм сослагательного наклонения (should в сослагательном нак-лонении (см. §5)).

2. В функции модального глагола should выражает должен-ствование в плане совета или пожелания и обычно переводится: следует, следовало бы, нужно, не мешало бы, должен (бы).

For the time being, until a greater European consciousness takes root, the preponderance of power in the EU should remain with the Council of Ministers. В течение какого-то времени, пока не укре-пится общеевропейское самосознание, основные властные полно-мочия в ЕС должны оставаться у Совета министров.

3. В функции конъюнктива should + инфинитив употребля-ется:

1) для выражения оценки или эмоций (удивление, сожаление, подозрение, неодобрение). Употребляется в придаточных предложе-ниях в функции подлежащего после сочетаний типа: It is strange that...; it is natural that...; it is vital that...; it is essential that...; it is important that...; it is surprising that...; it is advisable that..., it is high time that... и др.

Употребляется также в вопросительных предложениях с why, how и др.

В этом случае на русский язык сочетание should с последующим инфинитивом переводится личной формой глагола в изъявительном наклонении настоящего или прошедшего времени (прошедшего в том случае, если за should следует перфектная форма инфинитива).

Так как в русском языке нет соответствующих грамматических форм, эта функция передается, где это вообще возможно, лексически.

It is a bit odd that the holder of NATO's top civilian post should have spent much of his early life as a semiclandestine socialist, campaigning to shut American military bases in his homeland and stop it joining NATO. Несколько странно, что высший гражданский руководитель НАТО большую часть своей молодости был социалистом, находившимся на полулегальном положении, и участвовал в кампаниях за закрытие американских военных баз в своей стране и против ее вступления в НАТО.

Примечание. Should может также выражать предположение. В этом случае переводится на русский язык словами должно быть, вероятно. В газетном тексте в этом значении встречается довольно редко

There should have been plenty of evidence around that a monetary policy alone cannot compensate for government indiscipline. Должно быть (вероятно), есть масса свидетельств тому, что монетарная политика сама по себе не может компенсировать отсутствие дисциплины в системе управления.

2. в придаточном подлежащем с глаголом-сказуемым типа: (it) is recommended (suggested, proposed, demanded, requested, determined, arranged, advised, etc) that

3. в придаточном дополнительном после глаголов recommend, suggest, demand и т.п.

4. в придаточном предикативном, если подлежащим главного предложения является существительное того же корня (т.е. recommendation, suggestion, demand и т.п.)

В случаях 2, 3, 4, предложения с should переводятся на русский язык сослагательным наклонением (частица бы + глагол в прошедшем времени).

The report also suggests that Brussels should adopt more general European standards of practice in housing architecture rather than impose strict directives. В докладе также содержится предложение, чтобы Брюссель не навязывал строгие директивы, а принял бы более общие европейские стандарты в практике жилищного строитель-ства.

Примечание. Как стилистический или американский вариант формы should + инфинитив употребляется форма, омонимичная инфинитиву без частицы to.

The UN Secretary General recommended that UN military observers leave Angola, saying the resumption of civil war made their presence useless. Генеральный секретарь ООН рекомендовал, чтобы военные наблюдатели ООН покинули Анголу, отметив, что возобновление гражданской войны делает их присутствие бессмысленным

Проанализируйте и переведите следующие предложения.

1. Private providers of social services should be on formal contracts with the government, and accountable to it.

2. To outsiders of all stripes, it has long been evident that Cypriots should put aside their feud and create a federation that would amount to double self-rule and single formal sovereignty.

3. But at least both sets of Cypriots, if they are not going to work seriously to resolve differences, should keep them below the threshold of disturbance to others.

4. The main parties accept that the Commons should continue to be the superior House, but how far should the second Chamber be formally recognized as a check and balance?

5. The poll found 60 per cent of people thought the monarchy should be modernised, while 49 per cent believed the Queen should relinquish her political role, including the right to dissolve parliament.

6. The Act of Supremacy of 1559, which makes the monarch the head of the Church of England, should be repealed, the report suggests. A referendum should decide whether or not the heir should succeed to the throne.

7. The other problem is constitutional. Should minority nations be content with some special status within the host country, or should they seek separation?

8. “We in America need to think harder about the urgencies and pit falls of intervening in a civil war over the government's protests and on the rebels' side. If it sets a precedent, it should not set a rule,” a US official said.

9. As for the European parliament, its role as scrutineer and bringer to book should grow.

10. Trade unionists should not be taken in by the blood-curdling shrieks from the boardrooms.

11. . The deal, once ratified by both sides, should take effect at the end of the year.

12. . The Council president added that the call should be backed by the official bodies of the labour and trade union movement supported by broad democratic and community organizations.

13. He said that this was not a temporary problem. Lasting arrangements should be made.

14. It is important that the real situation should be examined because anything which promotes irrational differences between earnings in an industry is bound to cause trouble.

15. This news sums up the impact of inflation and economic crisis, aggravated by policies pursued by successive governments, particularly the present one.

It is odd, therefore, that the Chancellor should have chosen yesterday to tell an audience of French government business figures that Britain was “always a politically stable country.”

16. It was not without significance, he said, that people who were connected at that level with the situation should be expressing grave disquiet.

17. The Premier admitted yesterday that it was natural that people should be disturbed at food being thrown away when millions of people were undernourished.

18. It can hardly be fortuitous that the Minister should have taken the opportunity of the last meeting in Delhi to publicly summarize his plans for the future of the three fighting services.

19. The voters are beginning, at last, to wonder whether it is right that farming should absorb almost half the EU's budget.

20. They insisted that the exact demands should be outlined so that the European Union could be in no doubt about them.

21. It appears doubtful whether the formula will meet the Government's insistence that the UN sanctions should not lead to economic confrontation with that country.

22. Three days later the Administration had served formal notice that it would insist that the General Assembly, on its opening day November 10, squarely face the decision of whether or not to invoke Article 19.

23. William Hague insisted that Tory peers reject the closed-list provisions of the European elections Bill.

24. The paper also recommended that the eligibility age for retirement benefits be raised gradually from 65 to 68 by the year 2012.

25. There should be considerable support for the demand that the Minister of Justice act to invalidate the outrageous court decision ordering two dedicated social workers to forfeit 300 bail sureties following the failure of a youth to appear in court on charge.

26. The report suggests that the monarch's role [in Britain] should be that of head of state, but with “minimal connection with the executive, the legislature or the judiciary.”

27. A report published by one of the largest housing associations suggests that architects and planners should cater more considerately for the ethnic tenants who rent roughly 14 per cent of their homes.

28. Models of democracy that have been constructed on the basis of liberal individualism have usually proposed that democracy be restricted to political life, with politics being narrowly defined

29. Because of Russian and French opposition, the UN Security Council could not agree to a proposal from America and Britain that Iraq be warned of “serious consequences” should it persist in thumbing its nose.

30. “The moment requires that we be aware of our responsibility and be austere in balancing our accounts,” President of Brazil said during inauguration of a Volkswagen AG plant in southern Brazil.

31. The majority of people, be they politicians, trade unionists or employers, are now all in favour of East-West trade. The problem today is how to break down the remaining barriers.

32. Mr. Gingrich, nobly taking responsibility for the Republicans' election disappointment, has resigned as speaker of the House of Representatives lest his presence be “an excuse for divisiveness and factionalism.”