Chapter 2 Cognitive Neuroscience

Outline For Chapter 2 34

Supplemental Activities 37

A. In-Class Activities

1. A Working Neuron in the Classroom

2. Group Reaction Time and Neural Speed

3. Hemispheric Activity Interferes with Ability to Work a Counter

B. Promoting Discussion

1. Neurogenesis - Alcohol

2. Doogie Mice

CogLab Answers 44

Brain Asymmetry

Useful Websites 46

Test Bank 48

Outline for Chapter 2

I. FROM NEURON TO THE BRAIN: ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A. Introduction

1. Mind Body Connection

2. Localization of Function

II. COGNITION IN THE BRAIN: CEREBRAL CORTEX AND OTHER STRUCTURES

A. Gross Anatomy of the Brain Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

1. Forebrain

a. Cerebral Cortex

b. Basil Ganglia

c. Limbic system

d. Septum

c. Amygdala

i. Maladaptive lack of fear

ii. Autism

d. Hippocampus

i. Korsakoff’s syndrome

ii. H.M.

f. Thalamus

i. Schizophrenia Link

g. Hypothalamus

i. Narcolepsy

2. Midbrain

a. Reticular activating system (RAS)

b. Brain stem

3. Hindbrain

a. Medulla oblongata

b. Pons

c. Cerebellum

B. Cerebral Cortex and Localization of Function

1. General Information

a. Cerebral cortex

b. Contralateral

c. Ipsilateral

d. Corpus callosum

e. Cerebral hemispheres

2. Hemispheric Specialization

a. Aphasia

b. Broca’s area

c. Wernicke’s area

d. Split-brain patients

i. Sperry’s Research

ii. Gazzaniga’s Research

e. Apraxia

3. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres

a. Lobes

b. Frontal lobe

c. Parietal lobe

d. Temporal lobe

e. Occipital lobe

f. Projection areas

g. Primary motor cortex

h. Primary somatosensory cortex

4. Rostral, Ventral, Caudal and Dorsal brain regions

C. Neuronal Structure and Function

1. Neurons

a. Soma

b. Dendrites

c. Axon

i. myelin

ii. nodes of Ranvier

d. Terminal button

2. Synapse

3. Neurotransmitters

a. Three types of chemical substances involved in neurotransmission

i. Monoamine neurotransmitters

ii. Amino-acid neurotransmitters

iii. Neuropeptides

b. Acetylcholine

i. Deficit leads to Alzheimer’s

c. Dopamine

i. Too high linked with schizophrenia and lack of impulse control

ii. Too low linked with Parkinson’s disease

d. Serotonin

i. Too high linked with Anorexia

ii. Too low linked with aggression

4. Receptors and Drugs

a. Acute Toxicity

b. Chronic Toxicity

III. RESEARCH METHODS TO STUDY COGNITION IN THE BRAIN

A. Postmortem Studies

1. Phineas Gage

2. Brocas Tan

B. In Vivo Studies

1. Animal studies

a. Single-Cell Recordings

b. Lesioning to identify deficits

c. Neurochemicals to knock out functions

d. Genetic Manipulations

2. Electrical Recordings

a. Event-Related Potentials

b. Electroencephalograms (EEGs)

3. Static Imaging Techniques

a. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scan

4. Metabolic Imaging

a. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

b. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

c. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

d. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

5. Brain Disorders

a. Stroke

i. Vascular

ii. Ischemic stroke

iii. Hemorrhagic stroke

6. Brain Tumors

a. Neoplasms

7. Head Injuries

a. Closed-head injuries

b. Open-head injuries

IV. EXAMINING INTELLIGENCE AND BRAIN STRUCTURE

A. Brain size

B. Brain Architecture

1. Gender differences

C. Speed of Neuronal Conduction

D. Neuronal Efficiency

E. P-FIT Theory of Intelligence

V. REVISITING KEY THEMES

1. Biological versus Behavioral Methods

2. Nature versus Nurture

3. Applied versus Basic