The history of multicultural Britain & Britain today

For centuries different communities have settled in the UK, either through invasion, Britain’s expansion into the world, to escape political or religious persecution or in search of better economic opportunities making the UK’s record on multiculturalism second to none in Europe. Some groups who have settled in the UK since the first millennium include:

• The Celts, who lived in Britain from the first millennium BC, were pushed into Scotland, Wales and Cornwall by the Romans and later invaders and settlers from Northern Europe – including the Danes, Norse, Anglos and Saxons.

• The Romans brought the first Black people to Britain; an African division of the Roman army was stationed at Hadrian’s Wall in the 3rd century. The Normans invaded in 1066, adding French culture to Anglo-Saxon and Celtic life.

• A Jewish community came into Britain after 1066, until their expulsion in 1290. Oliver Cromwell allowed their resettlement in 1656. Lombards, Hansa and other merchants came for trade, and Gypsies arrived in the 16th century.

• The Muslim population in Britain dates back to the 18th century when Muslim sailors, known as lascars, serving on British merchant ships began settling in the port cities of Cardiff, Liverpool, Glasgow and London. The largest migration of Muslim communities began in the 1950s, coming mainly from South Asia and settling in inner city London, the industrial towns of the Midlands, and the textile towns of Lancashire, Yorkshire and Strathclyde. As of 2001, there are approximately 1.6 million Muslims in Britain, making it the largest religious minority in Britain.

• The climate of tolerance also enabled communities fleeing persecution in Europe to settle in Britain as well as other groups attracted to Britain by the chance of economic security, often bringing new trades or coming to work in new industries.

• The legacy of the British Empire also attracted immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh in the 1960s to 1980s; they now make up the largest immigrant communities. Many came because of the prospects of work in the textile and other industries.

This history of immigration to Britain has produced today’s uniquely diverse nation. There is now an estimated minority ethnic population of more than 4 million, 7.1% of the population. The Office for National Statistics projects that the minority ethnic population will almost double by 2020, because of its higher birth rate.

Ethnic diversity has enriched British society, it is now home to communities from every corner of the globe. The different communities have helped build today's vibrant Britain and contributed to its economic, social, democratic and cultural development.

Modern Britain:

Everything in modern Britain - from music and fashion to food and language - has been shaped by different ethnic communities, cultures and social groups:

The annual events calendar in the UK is packed with cultural, social and religious festivals reflecting multicultural Britain. Black History Month in October and Ramadan in the autumn are just a few of the many examples.

Ethnic cuisine has become part of the British diet with a wide variety of different dishes and spices readily available in restaurants and supermarkets. Britain’s current most popular dish is curry.

Britain's urban youngsters set the trend worldwide for their style in clothes, language and music - mostly based on a unique combination of ethnic styles.

Television and radio have moved towards including a minority ethnic dimension in both mainstream and specialist programming. A range of ethnic minority publications are also published in Britain, from daily newspapers to magazines and trade journals.

Athletes from minority ethnic groups have contributed to Britain's sporting success with many people achieving world class and Olympic status in sports like football, cricket, and boxing.

Individuals from Britain's many different communities have played an active role in the democratic process. However, the numbers involved in the political and decision-making process have not always reflected their presence in the community. People from minority ethnic groups are now beginning to play a more active part in representative democracy, with a small but growing number of MPs, members of the House of Lords and local counselors. But minority ethnic people are still under represented in national and local decision-making bodies.

Crown Dependencies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia British Crown Dependencies

Government Crown Dependencies

- Sovereign Elizabeth II, Lord of Mann, Duke of Normandy

The Crown Dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom.[1] They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea.

Being independently administered jurisdictions, none forms part of the United Kingdom or of the European Union.

"The Crown" is defined differently in each Crown Dependency. In Jersey, statements in the 21st century of the constitutional position by the Law Officers of the Crown define it as the "Crown in right of Jersey",[2] with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in right of Jersey and not to the Crown Estate of the United Kingdom.[3] Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the "Crown in right of the Isle of Man" as being separate from the "Crown in right of the United Kingdom".[4] In Guernsey, legislation refers to the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick",[5] and the Law Officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that "The Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"[6] and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the Monarch, for the governance of these Islands, including the States of Guernsey and legislatures in the other Islands, the Royal Court and other courts, the Lieutenant Governor, Parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council."[7] This constitutional concept is also worded as the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey".[8]

Although the dependencies are British possessions of the Crown, and are not sovereign nations in their own right, the power to pass legislation affecting the islands ultimately rests with their own respective legislative assemblies, with the assent of the Crown (Privy Council, or in the case of the Isle of Man in certain circumstances the Lieutenant-Governor).[9] In 2005, Jersey followed the Isle of Man and Guernsey in creating the role of Chief Minister to serve as the island's head of government.

All three Crown dependencies are members of the British–Irish Council.Contents [hide]

1 Channel Islands: Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey

1.1 Bailiwick of Guernsey

1.2 Bailiwick of Jersey

2 Isle of Man

3 Relationship with the Crown

3.1 Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey

3.2 Isle of Man

4 Relationship with the UK

5 Relationship with the EU

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

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Channel Islands: Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey

Main article: Channel Islands

The Channel Islands located in the English Channel

Since 1290[10], the Channel Islands have been governed as two separate Bailiwicks known, respectively, as the Bailiwick of Jersey (comprising the island of Jersey and uninhabited islets such as the Minquiers and Écréhous), and the Bailiwick of Guernsey (comprising the islands of Guernsey, Sark, Alderney, Brecqhou, Herm, Jethou and Lihou). Each Bailiwick is a Crown Dependency in its own right, and each is headed by a Bailiff, with a Lieutenant Governor representing the Crown in each Bailiwick.

The Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey each have their own legal and healthcare systems, and their own separate immigration policies, with "local status" in one Bailiwick having no jurisdiction in the other. The two Bailiwicks exercise bilateral double taxation treaties. Since 1961, the Bailiwicks have had separate courts of appeal, but generally the Bailiff of each Bailiwick has been appointed to serve on the panel of appellate judges for the other Bailiwick.

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Bailiwick of Guernsey

Main article: Bailiwick of Guernsey

The Bailiwick of Guernsey comprises three separate jurisdictions: Guernsey, which includes also the islands of Herm and Jethou, Sark, which also claims jurisdiction over the island of Brecqhou, and the island of Alderney; each jurisdiction also contains various other smaller islands.

The parliament of Guernsey is the States of Guernsey, the parliament of Sark is called the Chief Pleas, and the parliament of Alderney is called the States of Alderney. The three parliaments together can also approve joint Bailiwick-wide legislation which applies in those parts of the Bailiwick whose parliaments have approved it.

Guernsey issues its own coins and banknotes:

Guernsey banknotes

Coins of the Guernsey pound

These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK.[citation needed]

There are no political parties: candidates stand for election as independents.[11]

Guernsey has its own separate international vehicle registrations (GBG – Guernsey, GBA – Alderney), internet domain (.gg – Guernsey), and ISO 3166-2 codes, first reserved on behalf of the Universal Postal Union (GGY – Guernsey) and then added officially by the International Organization for Standardization on 29 March 2006. In such case the GBG on a numberplate is only put on the number plate of a car or motorbike at the request of the vehicle owner and is not compulsory, however a motorbike/scooter can have an identical number as a car, i.e. 5432 on 2 wheels and on 4 wheels.

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Bailiwick of Jersey

Main article: Bailiwick of Jersey

See also: Law of Jersey

The Bailiwick of Jersey consists of the Island of Jersey and its uninhabited dependencies.

The parliament is the States of Jersey, the first known mention of which is in a document of 1497.[12] The States of Jersey Law 2005 introduced the post of Chief Minister of Jersey, abolished the Bailiff's power of dissent to a resolution of the States and the Lieutenant Governor's power of veto over a resolution of the States, established that any Order in Council or Act of the United Kingdom that it is proposed should apply to Jersey shall be referred to the States, in order that the States may signify their views on it.[13]

Jersey issues its own coins and banknotes:

Jersey banknotes

Coins of the Jersey pound

These circulate freely in both Bailiwicks alongside UK coinage and English and Scottish banknotes. They are not legal tender within the UK.[citation needed]

There are few political parties, as candidates generally stand for election as independents (but see List of political parties in Jersey).

Jersey has its own separate international vehicle registration (GBJ – Jersey), internet domain (.je – Jersey), and ISO 3166-2 codes, first reserved on behalf of the Universal Postal Union (JEY – Jersey) and then added officially by the International Organization for Standardization on 29 March 2006.

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Isle of Man

Main articles: Politics of the Isle of Man and History of the Isle of Man

The Isle of Man located in the Irish Sea

The Isle of Man's Tynwald claims to be the world's oldest parliament in continuous existence, dating back to 979. (However, it does not claim to be the oldest parliament, as Iceland's Althing dates back to 930.) It consists of a popularly elected House of Keys and an indirectly elected Legislative Council, which may sit separately or jointly to consider pieces of legislation, which, when passed into law, are known as "Acts of Tynwald". Candidates often stand for election as independents, rather than being selected by political parties. There is a Council of Ministers headed by a Chief Minister.[citation needed]

The Isle of Man issues its own coins and banknotes:

Manx banknotes

Coins of the Manx pound

These circulate freely alongside UK coinage and English, Northern Irish and Scottish banknotes.

The Isle of Man, unlike the other Crown Dependencies, has a Common Purse Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Isle of Man Post issues its own stamps and makes significant revenue from the sale of special issues to collectors.

The Isle of Man has its own separate international vehicle registration (GBM – Isle of Man), internet domain (.im – Isle of Man), and ISO 3166-2 codes, first reserved on behalf of the Universal Postal Union (IMN – Isle of Man) and then added officially by the International Organization for Standardization on 29 March 2006. In addition, since 2008 the Isle of Man has used the aircraft registration M-.

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Relationship with the Crown

In each Crown dependency, the monarch is represented by a Lieutenant Governor, but this post is largely ceremonial. In 2005, it was decided in the Isle of Man to replace the Lieutenant Governor with a Crown Commissioner, but this decision was reversed before it was implemented. In 2010 it was announced that the next Lieutenant Governors of each Crown Dependency would be recommended to the Crown by a panel in each respective Crown Dependency, thus replacing the previous system of the appointments being made by the Crown on the recommendation of UK ministers.[14][15]

All "insular" legislation has to receive the approval of the "Queen in Council", in effect, the Privy Council in London, with the Privy Councillor with responsibility for the Crown dependencies also occupying a post as a UK minister.[16] Certain types of domestic legislation in the Isle of Man, however, may be signed into law by the Lieutenant Governor, using delegated powers, without having to pass through the Privy Council. In Jersey, provisional legislation of an administrative nature may be adopted by means of triennial regulations (renewable after three years), without requiring the assent of the Privy Council.[17] Much legislation, in practice, is effected by means of secondary legislation under the authority of prior laws or Orders in Council.

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Bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey

The Channel Islands are part of the territory annexed by the Duchy of Normandy in 933 from the Duchy of Brittany. This territory was added to the grant of land given in settlement by the King of France in 911 to the Viking raiders who had sailed up the Seine almost to the walls of Paris.

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, claimed the title King of England in 1066, following the death of Edward the Confessor, and secured the claim through the Norman conquest of England.

Subsequent marriages between Kings of England and French nobles meant that Kings of England had title to more French lands than the King of France. When the King of France asserted his feudal right of patronage, the then-King of England, King John, fearing he would be imprisoned should he attend, failed to fulfil his obligation.

In 1204 the title and lands of the Duchy of Normandy and his other French possessions were stripped from King John of England by the King of France. The Channel Islands remained in the possession of the King of England, who ruled them as Duke of Normandy until the Treaty of Paris in 1259.

King Henry III of England renounced the title of Duke of Normandy by that treaty, and none of his successors ever revived it. The Channel Islands continued to be governed by the Kings of England as French fiefs, distinct from Normandy, until the Hundred Years' War, during which they were definitively separated from France.

At no time did the Channel Islands form part of the Kingdom of England, and they remained legally separate, though under the same Crown, through the subsequent unions of Scotland and England (1707), and Ireland (1801). Elizabeth II reigns over the Channel Islands directly, and not by virtue of her role as monarch of the United Kingdom. No specific title is associated with her role as monarch of the Channel Islands, however; she is popularly referred to (even on a Buckingham Palace website) as "Duke of Normandy" [18] (not "Duchess")[19] but this anachronistic title has no basis in law.[20][21] The monarch has been described, in Jersey, as the "Queen in right of Jersey".[22]

A unique constitutional position has arisen as successive monarchs have confirmed the liberties and privileges of the Bailiwicks, often referring to the so-called Constitutions of King John, a legendary document supposed to have been granted by King John in the aftermath of 1204. Governments of the Bailiwicks have generally tried to avoid testing the limits of the unwritten constitution by avoiding conflict with British governments.

Following the restoration of King Charles II, who had spent part of his exile in Jersey, the Channel Islands were given the right to set their own customs duties, referred to by the Jersey Legal French term as impôts.

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Isle of Man

In the Isle of Man the British monarch is Lord of Mann, a title variously held by Norse, Scottish and English kings and nobles (the English nobles in feudality to the English Crown) until it was revested into the British Crown in 1765. The title "Lord" is today used irrespective of the sex of the person who holds it.

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Relationship with the UK

The relationship between the Crown Dependencies and the UK is "one of mutual respect and support, ie, a partnership".[23]

Until 2001, responsibility for the UK government's relationships with the Crown dependencies rested with the Home Office, but was then transferred first to the Lord Chancellor's Department, then to the Department for Constitutional Affairs, and finally to the Ministry of Justice.

The British Government is solely responsible for defence[citation needed] and international representation[citation needed] (although, in accordance with 2007 framework agreements,[24] the UK has undertaken not to act internationally on behalf of the Crown dependencies without prior consultation). Each Crown dependency has responsibility for its own customs and immigration services.

Acts of the British Parliament do not usually apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, unless explicitly stated, and even this is increasingly rare. When deemed advisable, Acts of Parliament may be extended to the Islands by means of an 'Order in Council' (thus giving the UK Government some responsibility for good governance in the islands). An example of this was the Television Act 1954, which was extended to the Channel Islands, so as to create a local ITV franchise, known as Channel Television. By constitutional convention this is only done at the request of the Insular Authorities,[25] and has become a rare option (thus giving the Insular Authorities themselves the responsibility for good governance in the islands), the islands usually preferring nowadays to pass localised versions of laws giving effect to international treaties.

Westminster retains the right to legislate for the Islands against their will as a last resort, but this is also rarely exercised, and may, according to legal opinion from the Attorney-General of Jersey, have fallen into desuetude — although this argument was not accepted by the Department for Constitutional Affairs. (The Marine, Etc., Broadcasting (Offences) Act 1967 was one recent piece of legislation extended to the Isle of Man against the wishes of the Manx Parliament).

The States of Jersey Law 2005 established that all Acts of the United Kingdom and Orders in Council were to be referred to the States, thus giving greater freedom of action to Jersey in international affairs.

Matters reserved to the Crown (i.e. acting through the United Kingdom Government) are limited to defence, citizenship, and diplomatic representation. The islands are not bound by treaties concluded by the United Kingdom (unless they so request) and may separately conclude treaties with foreign governments (except concerning matters reserved to the Crown). The United Kingdom conceded at the end of the 20th century that the islands may establish direct political (non-diplomatic) contacts with foreign governments to avoid the situation whereby British embassies were obliged to pass on communications from the governments that were in conflict with United Kingdom government policy. In recent years, with the development of finance industries and the increasing interdependence of the modern world, the Islands have been more active in international relations, concluding treaties and signing conventions with other states separately from the UK. Such treaties typically concern matters such as tax, finance, environment and trade, and other matters not relating directly to defence and international representation. The UK has in recent years, however, agreed to the Channel Islands negotiating directly with the French government on topics such as French nuclear activities in the region, as this is a matter on which the UK government holds views so at odds with those of the governments of the Bailiwicks that it feels unable to continue to represent the Islands itself.[citation needed]

The constitutional and cultural proximity of the Islands to the UK means that there are shared institutions and organisations. The BBC, for example, has local radio stations in the Channel Islands, and also a website run by a team based in the Isle of Man (which is included in BBC North West). While the Islands now assume responsibility for their own post and telecommunications, they continue to participate in the UK telephone numbering plan, and they have adapted their postcode systems to be compatible with that of the UK.

The Crown dependencies, together with the United Kingdom, are collectively known as the British Islands. Since the British Nationality Act 1981 came into effect, they have been treated as part of the United Kingdom for British nationality law purposes.[26] However, each dependency maintains local controls over housing and employment, with special rules applying to British citizens without specified connections to that dependency (as well as to non-British citizens).

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Relationship with the EU

Main article: Special member state territories and their relations with the European Union#The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man

Certain aspects of membership of the European Union apply to the Crown Dependencies, by association of the United Kingdom's membership, governed by Article 299(6)(c) of the Treaty establishing the European Community:

this Treaty shall apply to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man only to the extent necessary to ensure the implementation of the arrangements for those islands set out in the Treaty concerning the accession of new Member States to the European Economic Community and to the European Atomic Energy Community signed on 22 January 1972.;

and by Protocol 3 to the UK's Act of Accession to the Community:[27]

An Act to make provision in connection with the enlargement of the European Communities to include the United Kingdom, together with (for certain purposes) the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man and Gibraltar. [17 October 1972]"

Of the Four Freedoms of the EU, the islands take part in that concerning the movement of goods, but not those concerning the movement of people, services or capital. The Channel Islands are outside the VAT area (as they have no VAT), while the Isle of Man is inside it.[28] Both areas are inside the customs union.[29]

Channel Islanders and Manx people are British citizens and hence European citizens.[30] However, they are not entitled to take advantage of the freedom of movement of people or services unless they are directly connected (through birth, descent from a parent or grandparent, or five years' residence) with the United Kingdom.[31]

The common agricultural policy does not apply to the Crown Dependencies. Their citizens do not take part in elections to the European Parliament.