1.Layers of vocabulary. Eleva ted and low words in eng and ukr.

Layers of vocabulary. The majority of words in any language are stylistically neutral and can be used in any style, but there are always words and expressions that have got a stylistic coloring of their own and even if isolated from the context are easily associated with the style they belong to.

The bulk of words in any language are stylistically neutral; from the context they can be easily associated with the style they belong to.

Elevated words:

Archaisms – words gone out of current use and felt as obsolete (устаревшие), ousted by synonyms.

Frequently used in religious texts, official documents, ironical usage.

e.g Knight, slay (kill), behold (see), harken (listen); twain (two), twix (between)

Жупан, козак, оселедець, бунчук, ланіти; одерную (праворуч), виборний

Learned words – early borrowings from Greek and Latin which assimilated in the language though haven’t become colloquial.

Frequently used in scientific prose, publicism, official documents, newspaper information, comical effect.

e.g Criteria, assessment, formular, syndrome

Критерія, формула, лицедій, персоніфікація.

Foreign words – modern borrowings; in many cases they preserve their native pronunciation especially in English.

Déjà vu, tête-à-tête, versus

Дежавю, бізнес, менеджер, брифінг

Low words:

Familiar-colloquial words - nothing rude is meant. They are used in informal communication (in the atmosphere of free-and-easy talk of people who know each other well).

e.g. dad-father, sis-sister, chap, pal, lass

дівчинонька, хлоп’я

Slang – non-literary words, mostly of comical effect which they lose in due time.

e.g. skyscraper, cab, photo

балакати, торочити, хмарочос – багатоповерхівка, фото – фотографія.

Jargon – is a language of some professional group.

e.g. вікно, хвостівка, заліковка, універ (студ.)

col – college, sub – substitute teacher, verse – university, math – methematics, ec – economics

СANT (арго) - jargon of underworld; is used by criminals and police.

e.g. to crak – to confess (признаться), to fog (убить), to squeal – cказать

замочить - убить

Vulgarisms

1. lexical – names of some objects, part of human body, some actions, states that are not discussed in polite society; all kinds of euphemisms are used.

2. Stylistic – do not denote anything rude or indecent, they are vulgar and aren`t recommended to use for well-bread people

e.g. money – paydead, go-to-hell-cap, damn, на біса це потрібно

2.The noun as a part of speech. Categories of the noun in eng and ukr.

Noun Grammar – a meaningful arrangement of linguistic forms.

Morphology – studies classes of words, grammatical categories and their linguistic. properties

Syntax – the ways the words are combined and function in the process of speech com-tion.

Sentence – the smallest communicative unit

Word – the smallest naming unit

Phoneme – a sense distinguishing unit

Noun – a notional part of speech that is qualified by lex.-gram. meaning of substance.

• Lex-gr.meaning - substance

• Stem building elements – suffixes, prefixes (agree-ment, socie-ty, appear-ance; over-man, re-analysis)

• Grammatical categories: English: number and case (common and possessive). UKR (рід,число,відміна,відмінок)

• Combinability: lefthand (pronoun, adj, article) / righthand (V) connection. (a girl is reading a book/ студенти слухають лекцію) Укр.: лівостор. зв’язок(присв.,вказів.займ;прикм.;числ.), правостор.(дієс.,ім. – книга брата)

• Function in the sentence: ENG: Subject (I read), object (To read a book), attribute (student book), predicative (I`m a teacher), adv.mod. (She said it out of spite). UKR: підмет (Я читаю), додаток (писати конспект), обставина (піду до школи/ вона це зробила з упертості), предикатив (я-студент), означення( навчальний посібник)

THE CATEGORY OF NUMBER

Countable (обчислювані)

uncountable (не обчислювані):,

sg tantum (material- water, повітря; abstract- happiness, development, щастя, сум; collective- mankind, humanity, студентство, молодь)

pl tantum (N, consist of 2 parts) glasses, binoculars, trousers, nuptials, stairs, окуляри, сходи.

THE CATEGORY OF CASE

Declinables (відмінювані):ENG: names of persons (Peter`s house), nouns denoting measure of time and space (a mile`s walk, an hour`s wait) (COMMON, POSSESIV) UKR: майже всі відмінюються 7 відмінків

Indeclinables (не відмінювані): ENG: all the rest. UKR: недавні запозичення (таксі,журі, метро,кіно)

STRUCTURE

Simple-прості (book,дім); derived-похідні (worker, friendship, удосконалення); compound-складні (background,машинобудування)

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION

1) concrete-конкретні (table, window, дім, олівець)

2) abstract-абстрактні (sorrow, day, радість, рік);

3) material-речовинні (milk, butter, сіль, повітря),

4) collective-збірні (government, humanity, студентство, уряд(и),молодь).

(1- ч.р., ж.р. –а(-я)(Микола Джеря) 2- ч.р. на приг, та на –о (сніг, гай, дядько) с.р. –о,-е, -е,-я(озеро, поле,знання), 3- ж.р. на – м’як приг_+мати(ніч,кров,радість), 4- с.р на приг-ат (-ят)-ен(Маля-маляти,плем’я-племені))