3. Explain the meaning of the following verbs. Present the example of their usage.

to learn – to study – to teach;

to create – to establish – to found – to organize;

to get – to gain – to receive;

to appear – to emerge.

4. Fill in the gaps in the sentences with the verbs from the previous task.

1. Deacons helped children in villages ______ quickly.

2. Petro Mohyla ________ willing to reach an agreement with Brotherhood Monastery School.

3. Ukraine _______ its independence 26 years ago.

4. He _________ the little boy how to ride a horse.

5. The School was __________ in 1689 by an Italian professor.

6. He _______ a whole new language of painting.

7. Bohdan Khelnytskii __________ and led Cossacks.

8. He has finally __________ from his father’s shadow.

9. We will _______ the report carefully before making a decision.

10. The following evening the duchess was again _________ guests.

5. Form adjectives out of the following nouns, pay attention to the endings of the adjectives:

availability
gradualism
honour
progress
spirit
religion
development
education
autonomy
punishment

5A. Find other adjectives with similar endings.

Historical References: Cossacks

The name Cossack is derived from the Turkic kazak (free man), meaning anyone who could not find his appropriate place in society and went into the steppes, where he acknowledged no authority. In European sources the term first appears in a dictionary of the Cuman language in the mid-13th century. It is also found in Byzantine sources and in the instructions issued by Italian cities to their colonies on the Black Sea coast, where it is applied to armed men who were engaged in military service in frontier regions and protected trade caravans traveling the steppe routes. By the end of the 15th century the name acquired a wider sense and was applied to those Ukrainians who went into the steppes to practice various trades and engage in hunting, fishing, beekeeping, the collection of salt and saltpeter, and so on.

The history of the Ukrainian Cossacks has three distinct aspects: their struggle against the Tatars and the Turks in the steppes and on the Black Sea; their participation in the struggle of the Ukrainian people against socio-economic and national-religious oppression by the Polish magnates; and their role in the building of an autonomous Ukrainian state. The important political role played by the Ukrainian Cossacks in the history of their nation distinguishes them from the Russian Cossacks.

6. Find words or phrases in the references that mean the following:

1. to become involved in something;

2. not to recognize the power of any government;

3. to be relevant to something or somebody;

4. to obtain something from (a specified source);

5. having the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs;

6. a group of people and animals or vehicles who travel together;

7. a great nobleman;

8. to differentiate one thing from another.

7. Read and translate the text. Define true or false statement.