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Education in Cossack’s Time

XVI - XVIII centuries was the epoch of the humanistic tendencies spreading in the spiritual life of Ukraine. Ukrainian culture and education were developing as in the leading European countries. It was connected with a number of factors, mainly with the appearing of the Ukrainian Cossacks who paid a lot of attention to the development of national self-consciences through culture and education.

Among the greatest achievements of that time was the introduction of mass printing in Ukraine, the foundation of Ostrog Academy, an organization of Lviv and Kyiv Brotherhood, the existence of cultural and educational circles in Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra and finally the founding in 1632 Kyiv-Mohyla Academy.

In Cossacks’ time education was developing quickly and was characterized by availability i.e. mass character. Each village had one or even two schools. In the 1760-1762 in Ukraine the first attempt to introduce compulsory education of the population was made. But it failed because of the colonial policy of Russia. Progressive ideas from Western Europe, mainly, the ideology of Renaissance, Humanism and Enlightenment influenced the education system. Latin, Roman literature and rhetoric were taught. In school there were four classes organized according to the European principles of humanistic pedagogy. The important factor of education in Cossack’s time was gradualism. Primary education was given in old parochial schools that were maintained by village and urban communities. In hamlets there were deacon’s schools where children were taught by wandering deacons. The spirit of democracy and humanism dominated in such schools. Secondary education could be gained in European gymnasiums and in brotherhood schools.

At that time schools of different religious organizations and monastic ranks were established in Ukraine. Jesuit schools and collegiums were famous for their high level of education and good equipment. Bohdan Khelnytskii studied in one of such Collegiums in Lviv. At the end of the 17^th century Jesuits established 23 collegiums where the policy of catholization and polonization of Ukrainian youth was conducted.

The first higher school was founded in 1578 in the city of Ostrog by Volyn prince K. Ostrozkyi. Its purpose was to defend Ukrainian culture. In Ostrog “Greek-Slavic-Latin Collegium” the so-called "Seven liberal arts", such as grammar, rhetoric, dialectic, logic, arithmetic, music and astronomy were taught. Teachers in Collegium were well-known scientists, experts in Greek, Old Church Slavonic and Latin, math, and astronomy.

The second type of higher schools in Ukraine was Lviv Brotherhood School, opened in 1585. Pupils of the lower classes were taught literacy and church music, students of higher classes learned grammar, elements of rhetoric, poetics, philosophy, ancient Greek language and literature, and Old Church Slavonic language. According to the statute the teacher had to show the highly moral behavior; the best pupils were to sit in honored first rows "even if they were very poor." The use of corporal punishment was limited.

A major center of Ukrainian culture was the Kyiv Mohyla Collegium, established in 1632. In 1701 it received the title and rights of Academy. The Academy trying to keep the traditions of Ukrainian schools adopted the program and methods of Western universities. Teaching was conducted in Latin. Seven liberal sciences such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, music were learned there. The course at Academy lasted for 12 years.

In the second half on the 18^th century Ukrainian community wanted to organize a university on the territory of Ukraine. But Russian government at the head with Catherine II rejected this idea.

In Cossacks’ time Ukraine reached the level of education of the most developed countries of Europe. The education was widely spread among the all strata of Ukrainian population.

2. Learn new vocabulary: achievement, availability, brotherhood, community, compulsory education, corporal punishment, to introduce, Jesuit, to gain, gradualism, hamlet, honored, literacy, to maintain, to make an attempt, progressive, self-conscience, urban, to wander.