- •Научный редактор г.В. Царева
- •Задание 1
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Speak on.
- •Задание 2
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •7. Speak on.
- •Контрольная работа №1 Вариант 1
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •Контрольная работа №1 Вариант 2
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 2
- •1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.
- •3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
- •4. Complete the sentences.
- •5. Correct the wrong sentences.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.
Свыше 90%, вырабатывать электричество, дополнительная эффективность, более современные электрические локомотивы, главный недостаток, более высокий налог на имущество, финансироваться государством, владельцы подвижного состава, крупные инвестиции.
4. Complete the sentences.
Electric locomotives benefit from ... of electric motors.
Regenerative braking allows ... during braking to put power back on the line.
Newer electric locomotives use ... that provide for ... braking.
The chief disadvantage of electrification is ... .
In the U.S. higher property taxes are imposed on ... .
U.S. regulations on diesel locomotives are very weak compared to regulations on ... or ... .
Because railroad infrastructure is ... in the U.S., railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification.
5. Correct the wrong sentences.
Electric locomotives benefit from the low efficiency of electric motors, often under 90% (including the inefficiency of generating the electricity).
Additional efficiency can be gained from recuperative braking.
Newer electric locomotives use DC motor-inverter drive systems that provide for regenerative braking.
The chief advantage of electrification is the low cost for infrastructure.
Public policy in the U.S. encourages electrification.
In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the national transport infrastructure.
Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use.
6. Answer the following questions.
What do electric locomotives benefit from?
What kind of systems do newer electric locomotives use?
What is the chief disadvantage of electrification?
How does public policy in the U.S. interfere with electrification?
What are railway networks considered part of in Europe?
What are fees for operators of the rolling stock?
Why are railroads unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification in the US?