3. Translate the following word combinations from Russian into English.

В соответствии с требованиями экономики, преобразовывать потенциальную энергию в полезную работу, преодолеть сопротивление загруженного состава, надежный локомотив, сразу же после второй мировой войны, к концу 1950-х, электрический рельс, ограничили использование грузовых составов.

4. Complete the sentences.

1. Locomotives should be easy ... .

2. The first locomotives appeared around ... .

3. Steam locomotives ... shortly after World War II.

4. A sliding shoe transmits ... to the locomotive.

5. Overhead wires are known as ... .

6. Diesel-electric locomotive units are produced ... .

7. Freight units are being designed to produce... 5000-6000 hp.

5. Correct the wrong sentences.

1. Economics demands that locomotives be durable, reliable, and difficult to maintain.

2. The first locomotives (around 1830) were steam propelled.

3. Steam locomotives began to be replaced shortly after World War I.

4. Electric locomotives draw electricity from external sources.

5. The power of diesel-electric locomotive units doesn't depend on their sizes.

6. Switching or shunting locomotives are of approximately5000 hp and low maximum speed.

7. Mainline passenger and freight units are being designed to produce 1000 hp.

6. Answer the following questions.

1. What demands should locomotives correspond to?

2. How were the first locomotives propelled?

3. Why did steam locomotives begin to be replaced shortly after World War II?

4. Where do electric locomotives draw electricity from?

5. How does a pantograph compensate for wire height variations?

6. What restricted the use of electric motive power to only very high traffic routes such as the Northeast Corridor of Amtrak in the United States, commuter lines, and some routes in Japan, Russia, England, and continental Europe?

7. What is the power of diesel-electric locomotive units?

Контрольная работа №2 Вариант 1

1. Read and translate the text in writing using the words below.

advantage - преимущество

performance - коэффициент полезного действия

power plants - энергетическая установка

quiet - тихий, бесшумный

acceleration - ускорение

frequent - частый

route - маршрут

advanced - продвинутый

One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives. Electrification results in higher performance, lower maintenance costs and lower energy costs.

Power plants, even if they burn fossil fuels, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines. The power can come from clean or renewable sources, including geothermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to diesel locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise and less mechanical noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, reducing track maintenance.

Power plant capacity is far greater than any individual locomotive uses, so electric locomotives can have a higher power output than diesel locomotives and they can produce even higher short-term surge power for fast acceleration. Electric locomotives are ideal for commuter rail service with frequent stops. They are used on high-speed lines, such as ICE in Germany, Acela in the U.S., Shinkansen in Japan, China Railway High-speed in China and TGV in France. Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks.

2. Translate the following word combinations from English into Russian.

One advantage of electrification, pollution from the locomotives, maintenance costs, fossil fuels, mechanical noise, power plant capacity, individual locomotive, a higher power output, fast acceleration, commuter rail service, high-speed lines, freight routes.