nazarova_nb_korobova_ev_practice_in_legal_english

10.Be sure you understand and agree with all the terms before you accept; otherwise, it may be too late to … the deal.

11.Many stores require minors to have a parent or other adult … any major contract.

12.In most states, a minor who continues making payments on a contract after reaching the age of majority is considered to have … the contract.

2. Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.If one party to a contract carries out the promise, the other party is entitled to a remedy.

2.To have mutual agreement, it is enough for the parties to say

“we agree.”

3.The values of the items being exchanged do not have to be the same.

4.People entering into a contract can be mentally ill or intoxicated.

5.Agreements to do something illegal or against public policy are also enforceable in court.

6.You should be quick to enter into a contract.

7.Minors may not make contracts.

8.The adult cosigner is responsible for making payments if the minor backs out of the deal.

9.Once the contract has been ratified, it can no longer be

canceled.

UNIT 16. Written and Oral Contracts

1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Favours; evidence; take–it–or–leave–it; enforceable; unconscionable; illegal.

1.Certain kinds of contracts must be in writing to be ….

2.The law … written contracts.

3.If there is a written contract, a court will not listen to … of promises made before the signing of the contract.

4.Some contracts are unenforceable in court because they are … or against public policy.

5.Courts sometimes find that a contract is … .

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6.A court is more likely to find a contract unconscionable when the consumer is presented with a contract on a … basis and there is very uneven bargaining power between the parties.

2.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.For your protection, it is always better to have an oral contract.

2.An agreement between two persons to sell illegal drugs could never be enforced in court.

3.Courts sometimes find that a contract is so unfair, harsh, and oppressive that it should not be enforced.

4.Consumers are not allowed to make bad deals.

5.A court is more likely to find a contract unconscionable when an experienced seller is dealing with an uneducated consumer).

UNIT 17. Warranties

1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Exaggeration; breached; scope; apply to; rights; duration; express; guarantee; remedy; bargain; implied.

1.A warranty is a promise or … made by a seller concerning the quality or performance of goods offered for sale.

2.If the seller does not live up to the promises made in the warranty, the warranty is said to be … .

3.Warranties give consumers very important … .

4.When you look at a warranty, consider the … , the …, and the … .

5.There are two types of warranties: … and … .

6.An express warranty is a statement concerning the quality or performance of goods offered for sale that becomes a part of the … between the parties.

7.If the seller’s statement is merely an opinion or an obvious …, it is considered puffing, or sales talk, and cannot be relied on.

8.The warranty act does not … products that cost $15 or less.

1.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.A warranty is a statement of what the seller will do to remedy the problem if the product doesn’t perform as promised.

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2.All warranties are the same.

3.An express warranty is a statement – by demonstration – concerning the quality or performance of goods offered for sale that becomes a part of the bargain between the parties.

4.Since written warranties difficult to prove, it is always best to get an oral warranty.

5.Written warranties must also tell you exactly what is included and what is not included.

6.A limited warranty could cover some defects or problems and not others.

3.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Гарантия – это обещание продавца, касающееся качества и технических характеристик товара, а также обязательства продавца по исправлению неполадок, в случае их возникновения.

2.Перед совершением покупки необходимо узнать о предоставляемых гарантиях (длительности гарантийного периода, исправление каких неполадок включает в себя гарантия и что потребуется от покупателя в случае возникновения неполадок).

3.Существуют два типа гарантийных обязательств – прямая и связанная гарантия.

4.Прямая гарантия является частью сделки при покупке товара.

5.Поскольку устные гарантийные обязательства всегда очень трудно доказать и не все, что говорит продавец является гарантией, лучше иметь письменную гарантию.

6.Гарантия должна содержать все необходимые условия, быть написана понятным языком и предоставляться покупателю до совершения покупки.

7.По условиям полной гарантии, неисправный товар должен быть в краткие сроки починен или заменен бесплатно (включая доставку и установку), если починить товар невозможно, покупателю возвращают деньги.

UNIT 18. Implied Warranties

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1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Properly; dealers; express; stolen; defects; merchantability; title; promise.

1.Many consumers believe they have no protection if a new product without … warranties does not work.

2.An implied warranty is an unwritten …, created by law, that a product will do what it is supposed to do.

3.Implied warranties apply only to products sold by … .

4.A warranty of … is an unwritten promise that the item sold is of at least average quality for that type of item.

5.A warranty of … is a seller’s promise that he or she owns the item being offered for sale.

6.If a person sells … goods, the warranty of title has been broken.

7.Carefully inspect for … any goods you buy.

8.If you fail to use the product…, you may cancel the warranty.

2.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.An implied warranty is an unwritten promise, created by law, that a product will do what it is supposed to do.

2.Implied warranties apply to all products.

3.A warranty of merchantability is a seller’s promise that he or she owns the item being offered for sale.

4.A warranty of fitness for a particular purpose is an unwritten promise that the item sold is of at least average quality for that type of item.

5.A warranty of title exists when a consumer tells a seller before buying an item that it is needed for a specific purpose or will be used in a certain way.

6.If you fail to use the product properly, or if you use it for an improper purpose, you may cancel the warranty.

Achievement Test 2 (Units 10–18)

Find suitable endings to these sentences (sometimes more than one option is possible):

1. Consumers should be cautious regarding sales offers made by telephone because:

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A – some salespeople use high–pressure tactics and smooth talk to get you buy things that you otherwise wouldn’t buy.

B – many fraudulent schemes are conducted this way.

C – the cooling–off period of three days does not apply to telephone sales.

D – your credit card number may be used to get your money. 2. Tobacco advertising is controversial because:

A – it is everywhere.

B – smoking is the nation’s leading preventable cause of death.

C – it is prohibited on radio and television.

D – more billboards are located in neighborhoods where poor people live than elsewhere.

3. Ads sometimes mislead consumers because:

A – they try to create a desire for products that consumers don’t really need or want.

B – they appeal to emotions.

C – they are based on the seller’s opinion and personal taste.

D – they provide the kind of factual information needed to make a wise buying decision.

4. Sales techniques appeal to our emotions because:

A – they associate products with popular ideas or symbols and promote the idea that everybody’s using the product.

B – they have famous athletes or movie stars to advertise the product and try to convince consumers by resorting to the claims of authorities.

C – they are based on the notion that seeing is believing and try to make us laugh.

D – all the abovementioned ideas.

5. The bait and switch sales technique is:

A – an insincere offer to sell a product on terms that are too good to be true.

B – a sales technique to get a consumer in the store. C – a try to sell some specials at very low prices.

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D – a kind of advertising something that does not sell well.

6. Mail shopping is convenient because:

A – items may cost less.

B – some items may be available that are not available in local stores.

C – mail–order packages always arrive on time.

D – some free items can be sent in exchange for subscriptions or memberships.

7.The elements of a contract are:

A – an offer by one party.

B – an acceptance by the other party. C – mutual agreement.

D – an exchange of consideration.

8.Minors can make a contract if:

A – they are over 18.

B – any other adult cosigns it. C – it is ratified.

D – they are not forced to carry out their promises and.

9.Some contracts are illegal because:

A – they are unenforceable in court. B – they are against public policy. C – they are unfair.

D – there is very uneven bargaining power between the parties.

10. An implied warranty is:

A – a statement concerning the quality or performance of goods offered for sale that becomes a part of the bargain between the parties.

B – an unwritten promise, created by law, that a product will do what it is supposed to do.

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C – an unwritten promise that the item sold is of at least average quality for that type of item.

D – a seller’s promise that he or she owns the item being offered for sale.

UNIT 19. Disclaimers

1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

as is; disclaim; with all faults; opportunity; liable; remedy; limit.

1.A disclaimer is an attempt to … the seller’s responsibilities should anything go wrong with a product.

2.Sellers can usually disclaim the implied warranty of merchantability by using such expressions as “…” or “...”.

3.Under the Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act, sellers offering a written warranty may not … any implied warranty during the effective period of the written warranty.

4.Sellers sometimes use disclaimers to limit the consumer’s ….

5.The seller is not … in damages for injury to persons or property.

6.Courts will require that the buyer give the seller a reasonable … to repair the product.

2.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.A disclaimer is an attempt by the store to avoid responsibility for anything that goes wrong with the product.

2.Unless these or other easily understood words are used, the seller must actually use the word merchantability in disclaiming the implied warranty of merchantability.

3.It is impossible to disclaim the implied warranty of merchantability.

4.To be effective, the disclaimer must be written so as to be easily seen by the consumer.

5.Sellers sometimes use disclaimers to enlarge the consumer’s remedy.

UNIT 20. Credit

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1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Debtors; default; unsecured; collateral; interest; conditions; creditors; finance charge; secured; variable; usury; in the future.

1.Using credit means buying goods or services now in exchange for a promise to pay… .

2.People who lend money or provide credit are called… .

3.People who borrow money or buy on credit are called … .

4.Additional money owed to the creditor is called the… .

5.The two general types of credit are … and … .

6.A … is some property of value put up by a consumer as protection in the event the debt is not repaid.

7.A borrower who does not make the required payments is said to … on the loan.

8.The cost of credit includes … and other finance charges.

9.Charging any amount above the legal limit is called … .

10.Interest rates can vary widely depending on the lender and the economic … at the time.

11.Some companies now offer … interest rates, when the amount of interest you are charged changes from time to time and is computed based on financial market indicators.

2. Are the statements true (T) or false (F)? Correct the false statements.

1.Credit means lending money now in exchange for a promise to repay it in the future.

2.Creditors usually pay debtors additional money over the amount borrowed for the privilege of using the credit.

3.There are three general types of credit.

4.Secured credit is credit for which the consumer is not required to pledge property in order to obtain it.

5.If a borrower defaults, the lender can take the collateral.

6.Each state sets limits on the amount of interest that can be charged for various types of credit.

7.Lenders who charge interest rates below the legal minimum may be liable for both civil and criminal penalties.

8.Besides the interest paid on a credit sale, there are sometimes other charges that may be added onto the basic price: credit

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property insurance; credit life/disability insurance; service charge; penalty charge, and others.

UNIT 21. Credit

Cards and Charge Accounts

1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Transaction; toll–free; advances; unauthorized; identification; compete; owe; compute; accounts.

1.Many stores and companies issue credit cards and allow their customers to maintain charge… .

2.Some of these cards can also be used to obtain cash … from banks and bank machines.

3.Credit cards are engraved with the holder’s name and … number.

4.Companies issuing credit cards send out monthly statements indicating how much you … .

5.Some companies impose interest charges from the date of the … .

6.Companies use different methods to … interest.

7.Providers of credit … with each other to get new customers.

8.Many major credit card companies have … telephone numbers.

9.If your credit card is lost or stolen, you are not responsible for any … charges made after you have notified the issuer that the card is missing.

2.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.Consumers can use credit cards to buy gasoline, take a vacation, go out to dinner, and buy furniture, clothing, and many other things.

2.Companies provide these cards free.

3.Consumers are usually given a credit limit and can make purchases up to that limit.

4.Some credit card and charge accounts allow you to pay bills over time.

5.All companies use the same methods to compute interest.

6.To more easily compare the rates charged by different companies, you can ask what annual percentage rate (APR) is charged.

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7.Annual interest rates may vary by as much as 10 percentage points.

8.Credit cards are in such wide use today that certain goods and services may be difficult to obtain without one.

9.For protection, any person with credit cards should keep a list of the following information for each card: the name of

the company issuing the card, the account number on the card, and the number to call if the card is lost or stolen.

10.If your credit card is lost or stolen, you are responsible for any unauthorized charges made after you have notified the issuer that the card is missing.

UNIT 22. EFT Cards and Debit Cards

1. Complete the sentences, using the appropriate words from the box:

Withdrawals; follow; billing; automatic teller machine; debit; forbids; electronic funds transfer.

1.In recent years, many banks have offered their customers … cards.

2.They allow you to withdraw money from your account by using an … .

3.If your EFT card is lost or stolen and you do not notify your bank within two business days after discovering its loss, you may be liable for up to $500 in unauthorized … .

4.… cards look like credit cards but work like EFT cards.

5.To avoid … problems, check all sales slips carefully, save receipts and canceled checks, and go over each bill or monthly statement carefully.

6.Until your complaint is settled, the law … the creditor from reporting the matter to a credit bureau.

7.It is important to … the requirements when complaining about a bill.

2.Are the statements true (+) or false (-)? Correct the false statements.

1.Electronic funds transfer cards look like credit cards but are not credit cards.

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