polunina_ln_bobrovskaia_im_priroda_nauka_tekhnologii

3. Give the plural of the following nouns where possible.

4. Match the words which best go together to make the word combinations. Use them in the sentences of your own.

5. Put the following direct speech into reported speech.

1.‘What causes deficiency diseases?’ she asked me.

2.‘I can’t understand the definition of the term nutrition,’ Sandra told the teacher.

3.‘When does the body become weak and less able to fight infection?’ Bill asked us.

4.‘We’ll discuss iron deficiency next time’ the teacher said.

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5.‘Obesity has been linked to life-threatening diseases including diabetes mellitus, heart problems, and some forms of cancer,’ the lecturer said.

6.The doctor recommended, ‘Eat more foods with vitamin A.’

7.The professor asked the audience, ‘What is deficiency-related malnutrition?’

8.‘Don’t drink a lot of alcohol!’ the doctor told his patient.

6. Put questions to the words or word expressions in the bold type.

1.Human beings require food to grow, reproduce, and maintain good health.

2.Deficiency diseases result from inadequate intake of the major nutrients.

3.Malnutrition can reflect conditions of poverty, war, famine, and disease.

4.Iron deficiency is a common health problem among women and young children in the United States.

5.A diet of excesses may also lead to other nutritional problems.

LANGUAGE IN USE

7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the table below.

Hypertension

Hypertension or high blood pressure, medical condition in which constricted arterial blood vessels increase the resistance to blood flow, causing an increase in blood pressure against vessel walls. The heart must work harder to (1) … blood through the narrowed arteries. If the condition persists, damage to the heart and blood vessels is likely, increasing the risk for stroke, heart (2) … , and kidney or heart failure. Often called the “silent killer,” hypertension usually causes no symptoms until it (3) … a life-threatening stage.

(4) … use two measurements to describe blood pressure. Systolic pressure measures blood pressure as the heart contracts to pump out blood. Diastolic pressure measures blood pressure as the heart relaxes

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to allow blood to flow into the heart. An instrument called a sphygmomanometer measures systolic and diastolic pressure using units of millimeters of mercury (abbreviated mm Hg). Blood pressure is classified in four categories: normal, prehypertension, stage 1 hypertension, and stage 2 hypertension.

Physicians recommend that people with prehypertension undergo diet and lifestyle changes, such as (5) … weight and quitting smoking, in order to prevent a rise in blood pressure. Some patients can (6) … their blood pressure by limiting salt in their diet. Increasing physical activity and reducing alcohol consumption may also lower blood pressure.

For those with stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension, a physician may

(7) … diet and lifestyle changes, as well as one or more drugs known as antihypertensives. Diuretics are antihypertensives that promote excess salt and water excretion, reducing the amount of fluid in the bloodstream and relieving pressure on blood vessel walls. Beta blockers reduce heart rate and the amount of blood the heart pumps. ACE inhibitors prevent the (8) … narrowing of blood vessel walls to control blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers slow heart rate and relax blood vessels. Studies show that two drugs are more effective than one drug at lowering blood pressure to less than 140/90 mm Hg.

8. Arrange the parts of the text in logical order so that the text was complete.

Anxiety

(1) However, too little anxiety or too much anxiety can cause problems. Individuals who feel no anxiety when faced with an

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important situation may lack alertness and focus. On the other hand, individuals who experience an abnormally high amount of anxiety often feel overwhelmed, immobilized, and unable to accomplish the task at hand. People with too much anxiety often suffer from one of the anxiety disorders, a group of mental illnesses. In fact, more people experience anxiety disorders than any other type of mental illness. A survey of people aged 15 to 54 in the United States found that about 17 percent of this population suffers from an anxiety disorder during any given year.

(2)All people experience anxiety to some degree. Most people feel anxious when faced with a new situation, such as a first date, or when trying to do something well, such as give a public speech. A mild to moderate amount of anxiety in these situations is normal and even beneficial. Anxiety can motivate people to prepare for an upcoming event and can help keep them focused on the task at hand.

(3)The physical symptoms of anxiety reflect a chronic “readiness” to deal with some future threat. These symptoms may include fidgeting, muscle tension, sleeping problems, and headaches. Higher levels of anxiety may produce such symptoms as rapid heartbeat, sweating, increased blood pressure, nausea, and dizziness.

(4)Anxiety, emotional state in which people feel uneasy, apprehensive, or fearful. People usually experience anxiety about events they cannot control or predict, or about events that seem threatening or dangerous. Students taking an important test may feel anxious because they cannot predict the test questions or feel certain of a good grade. People often use the words fear and anxiety to describe the same thing. Fear also describes a reaction to immediate danger characterized by a strong desire to escape the situation.

(Adapted from Bufka, L. F., Barlow, D. H. Anxiety, Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

9. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the appropriate articles where necessary.

Smoking

About (1) … 442,000 people in (2) … United States die each year from illnesses caused by cigarette smoking. Smoking accounts for

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nearly (3) … 90 percent of lung cancer deaths. While some negative health effects of smoking manifest slowly over time, others can be measured almost immediately. Some of the inhaled tar is absorbed by lung cells, causing them to die. Tar also damages the cilia in (4) … upper airways that protect against infection. Nicotine causes arteries to constrict, lowering skin temperature and reducing blood flow to the hands and feet. (5) … carbon monoxide deprives (6) … body of oxygen, binding to red blood cells in place of the oxygen molecule and forcing the heart to pump more blood through the body.

One-third of smoking-related deaths are caused by coronary heart disease or chronic airway obstruction. Smoking also increases (7) … risk of stroke by 50 percent – 40 percent among (8) … men and 60 percent among (9) … women. Other research has shown that mothers who smoke give birth more frequently to premature or underweight babies, probably because of a decrease in (10) … blood flow to the placenta. Babies born to mothers who smoke during pregnancy are also at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome.

Even nonsmokers are at (11) … risk from smoking. Recent research has focused on (12) … effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) – that is, the effect of tobacco smoke on nonsmokers who must share (13) … same environment with (14) … smoker. (15) … United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that exposure to ETS, which contains all (16) … toxic agents inhaled by a smoker, causes 3,000 lung cancer deaths and an estimated 35,000 deaths from heart disease per year among (17) … nonsmokers. Secondhand smoke can aggravate (18) … asthma, pneumonia, and bronchitis, and impair blood circulation.

(Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

10. Read the text and choose the words which best fit each gap.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, human viral disease that ravages the immune system, undermining the body’s ability to defend itself from infection and disease. Caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS leaves an (1) … (infected/infect/

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infection) person vulnerable to (2) … (opportunist/opportunism/ opportunistic) infections. Such infections are harmless in healthy people, but in those whose immune systems have been greatly weakened, they can prove fatal. Although there is no cure for AIDS, new drugs are (3) … (avail/available/availability) that can prolong the life spans and improve the quality of life of infected people.

Transmission of the HIV virus occurs most commonly as a result of sexual intercourse. Infection with HIV does not (4) … (necessary/ necessity/necessarily) mean that a person has AIDS. Some people who have HIV infection may not develop any of the (5) … (clinical/clinic/ clinically) illnesses that (6) … (definition/definite/define) the full-blown disease of AIDS for ten years or more. Physicians prefer to use the term AIDS for cases where a person has reached the final, life-threatening stage of HIV infection.

With a vaccine for AIDS years away and no cure on the horizon, experts believe that the most effective (7) … (treat/treated/treatment) for AIDS is to prevent the (8) … (occur/occurrence/occurred) of HIV infection. Health officials focus public education programs on altering risky behaviors linked to HIV transmission, particularly unsafe sexual practices and needle-sharing by intravenous drug users.

To reduce the accidental transmission of HIV during (9) … (medicine/medical/medically) procedures, both the United States and Canada have established strict guidelines for health-care settings, including the use of (10) … (protection/protect/protective) clothing and proper instrument disposal.

(From Bartlett, J. G. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

SPEAKING

11. Work with a partner. Study the following table.

Number of people living with HIV/AIDS

(All figures are estimates. Source: World Health Organization; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)

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What do you think the most effective treatment for AIDS is? What can be done to reduce transmission of HIV?

Give reasons to support your answer.

12. Study the following information about Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and answer the questions:

What is CFS? What causes it? How is it treated?

Are there any medications?

CFS is a term that explains a specific pattern of symptoms, chiefly severe fatigue. Muscle and joint pain, headache, flu-like symptoms and sleep disturbance are also common.

The condition often starts after an infection. Physical or psychological stress can also be triggers. It’s likely that infections and stress cause ripples in the immune system that make it malfunction. Normally the immune system switches off after an infection, but in CFS sufferers it seems to continue, producing chemicals that interfere with the nervous and hormone systems and prolonging the ‘flu-like’ feeling you get during the illness. This makes it hard for a sufferer to lead an active life.

Adequate rest balanced by some activity is an essential part of the recovery programme. The next part of the programme is graded exercise or pacing. This isn’t necessarily an exercise regime, but a way of keeping as fit as possible without making the condition worse.

There is no treatment to cure CFS but drugs can relieve some symptoms. Low-dose antidepressants can help restore disturbed sleep patterns and reduce sensitivity to pain.

WRITING

13. The American Cancer Society has ten suggestions for ways to protect yourself from cancer. Check (9) the ones you follow.

___ 1 DON’T SMOKE.

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SUPPLEMENTARY READING

Physical Fitness

(1) Physical fitness, ability of the human body to function with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue, and with ample energy to engage in leisure activities, and to meet physical stresses. Physical fitness is usually measured in relation to functional expectations – that is, typically, by periodic tests measuring strength, endurance, agility, coordination, and flexibility. In addition, stress testing, which ascertains the body’s accommodation to powerful, sustained physical stimuli, is used to analyze fitness. If individuals are able to accommodate to the stressors, they are assumed to be fit.

(2)The level of physical fitness can be influenced by regular, systematic exercise. Moderate activity will maintain the individual at a level that is usually adequate to handle ordinary stress. If the fitness level is to be improved, however, it is necessary to participate in more intensive exercise that overloads the physiological systems and thus promotes change.

(3)Exercises that demand total body involvement improve and maintain fitness most effectively – for example, jogging, running, swimming, vigorous dancing, cycling, and brisk walking. Organized games and sports that have long rest periods within the play design have only minimal influence on fitness. Programs especially planned to help individuals attain fitness are offered in numerous places: schools and gymnasiums, private clubs and studios, and special, professionally organized clinics that are attentive to problems of cardiac and pulmonary function. The individual must be careful in choosing an exercise program and should ensure it is staffed by experts in physical education or medicine. Normal, healthy individuals may plan their own exercise programs. The general rule is to exercise only until discomfort is experienced. People with health problems caused by heart attacks, strokes, and illness should see a physician before devising an exercise program.

(4)Proper nutrition is important to physical fitness, because energy expenditure depends on nutrition. If diet is inadequate, the fitness level will drop. Overweight, underweight, and weak individuals will have

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below average fitness levels. Generally, longer periods of exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease for the individual. The attainment and maintenance of physical fitness, coupled with nutritious diet and reasonable rest patterns, require dedication to a long-term, systematic investment in an active life.

(Adapted from Ulrich, C. Physical Fitness, Microsoft Encarta, 2008)

1. Read the text and decide whether the following statements are TRUE, FALSE or there is NO such INFORMATION in the text.

2. Decide which part of the text contains the following information.

1.Adequate nutrition is important to physical fitness.

2.Individuals are assumed to be fit if they are able to accommodate to the stressors.

3.Give the answer to the following question.

What exercises improve and maintain fitness most effectively?

1.Organized games and sports that have long rest periods within the play.

2.Exercises that demand total body involvement, such as organized games.

3.Running, cycling, jogging, swimming, vigorous dancing, and brisk walking.

4.Jogging, running, swimming, moderate dancing, cycling, and brisk walking.

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