SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

What does a title provide the reader with?

What comes first in a title?

What is an ideal way to write a title?

What are the qualities of a good title?

What are the techniques to improve the quality of titles?

U n i t 2. ABSTRACT

THE AIMS OF THE UNIT:

to make you think about purposes of writing an abstract;

to provide insight into typical kinds of information included in an abstract and the order they follow;

to analyse language features of an abstract;

to provide practice in identifying and reconstructing different information elements which an abstract contains;

to practise in writing an abstract of your own.

STARTING POINT

An abstract is a brief overview of the whole paper in which basic ideas developed in research are summarized. Although the abstract is placed at the beginning of the paper, after the title and before the introduction, it should be written last. You need to have completed all other sections before you can select and summarize the essential information from those sections.

The abstract helps readers decide whether or not the paper is relevant to their own research interests and therefore worth reading. Hence, it should be clear, concise, specific, objective and complete.

Now that the use of on-line publication databases is prevalent, writing a really good abstract has become even more important than it was a decade ago. Providing an abstract in English makes your contribution much more accessible to international scientists in the same field.

FOCUS ON STRUCTURING INFORMATION

1. Despite the fact that an abstract is quite brief, it must do almost as much work as the multi-page paper that follows it. This means that it should in most cases include the following sections:

∙motivation/background;

∙the purpose of the study;

∙the procedure/methodology used;

∙the main results/findings obtained;

∙the conclusions reached/any recommendations if applicable.

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Each section is typically a single sentence, although there is room for creativity. In particular, the parts may be merged or spread among a set of sentences.

TASK 2.1. Read and translate the following abstract from a paper written in the field of Agricultural Water Management. Identify the sentences in which you can find the answers to the following questions:

a.Why do the authors care about the problem?

b.What was the purpose of the study?

c.What procedure did they use?

d.What specific results did they get?

e.What conclusion did they arrive at?

EFFECT OF TILE EFFLUENT ON NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION AND RETENTION EFFICIENCY IN AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE DITCHES1

Abstract. 1Tile drainage is a common water management practice in many agricultural landscapes in the Midwestern United States. 2Drainage ditches regularly receive water from agricultural fields through these tile drains. 3This field-scale study was conducted to determine the impact of tile discharge on ambient nutrient concentration, nutrient retention and transport in drainage ditches. 4Grab water samples were collected during three flow regimes for the determination of soluble phosphorus (SP), ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) concentrations and their retention in three drainage ditches. 5Measured nutrient concentration indicated lower SP and NH4+-N, and greater NO3-N concentrations in tile effluents compared to the ditch water. 6Net uptake lengths were relatively long, especially for NO3-N, indicating that nutrients were generally not assimilated efficiently in these drainage systems. 7Results also indicated that the study reaches were very dynamic showing alternating increases or decreases in nutrient concentration across the flow regimes. 8The drainage ditches appeared to be nutrient-rich streams that could potentially influence the quality of downstream waters.

Notes:

tile effluent – сточные воды в дрене nutrient – питательное вещество

retention efficiency – эффективность сохранения drainage – осушение, слив, сток

drainage ditch – отводной канал, дренажная канава tile drain – черепичная дрена

discharge – спуск, сток, слив ambient – окружающая среда

grab water sample – черпаковая проба воды phosphorus – фосфор

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ammonium nitrogen – аммонийный азот nitrate nitrogen – нитратный азот

length – чистая продолжительность uptake – поглощение

reach – протяжение, охват, радиус действия downstream water – низовая вода

TASK 2.2. Read and analyze the following abstract from the area of Applied Thermal Engineering. Identify different kinds of information presented in it and answer the questions:

1.What kind of information is included in sentences 1 – 2?

2.Which information element is represented by sentences 3 – 5?

3.What kind of information is contained in sentences 6 – 9?

4.What information element is represented by final sentence 10?

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A STRATIFIED CHILLED-WATER

THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM2

Abstract. 1Air-conditioning forms a large proportion of annual peak electrical demand, requiring expansion of power plants to meet the peak demand, which goes unused most of the time. 2Use of well-designed cool thermal storage can offset the peak demand to a large extent. 3In this study, an air-conditioning system with naturally stratified storage tank was designed, constructed and tested. 4A new type of diffuser was designed and used in this study. 5Factors that influenced the performance of chilled-water storage tanks were investigated. 6The results indicated that stratified storage tank consistently stratified well without any physical barrier. 7Investigation also showed that storage efficiency decreased with increasing flow rate due to increased mixing of warm and chilled water. 8Diffuser design and layout primarily affected the mixing near the inlet diffuser and the extent of this mixing had primary influence on the shape of the thermocline. 9The heat conduction through tank walls and through the thermocline caused widening of mixed volume. 10Thermal efficiency of stratified storage tanks was as high as 90%, which indicates that stratified tanks can effectively be used as a load management technique.

Notes:

thermal storage – накопитель тепла, тепловой аккумулятор power plant – энергоустановка, силовая установка

peak demand – максимальная потребность в электроэнергии chilled water – охлаждённая вода

offset – уравновешивать, сбалансировать, компенсировать diffuser – рассеивыатель, распылитель

storage tank – резервуар, накопитель

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layout – схема-план

inlet diffuser – входной диффузор

thermocline – термоклин, слой температурного скачка heat conduction – теплопроводность

thermal efficiency – тепловой коэффициент полезного действия load management – управление электропотреблением

TASK 2.3. Analyze the following sentences taken from the abstract to the report in the area of Chemical Engineering. The sentences are presented in the wrong order. Restore the order of the abstract written by the author.

COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

OF ELECTROSPRAY DEPOSITION PROCESS IN PHARMACEUTICAL

MICRO-PATTERN FORMATION3

Abstract. ____ aThe sample consists of an aqueous solution of polymer, solvent and drug. In addition to the experimental section, a mathematical model was developed to track the particle trajectories and focusing effect in electrospray deposition process on the substrate.

____ bElectrospray deposition on a substrate through a mask is a simple (single-step) yet versatile and robust approach to generate biodegradable polymeric particle patterns. Different methods including photolithography, soft lithography and ink jetting have been employed for automated micropattern fabrication; however, most of them are limited to the investigation of material properties of substrates with high-cost and complex procedures.

___ cThe final results confirm that the clearest particle pattern and the best focusing effect on the substrate can be achieved with long distance between the nozzle and the substrate, high voltage difference between the nozzle and the mask, short process time and low solution flow rate. On the contrary, a smooth and integrated layer on the mask can be formed with a short distance between the nozzle and substrate in which no clear pattern can be recognized. Furthermore, micro-fibers can be observed on the mask when the voltage difference between the nozzle and substrate is not high.

___ dIn the present work, two slightly different experimental setups were used to investigate the effect of different operational parameters in electrospray particle deposition on both mask and substrate.

Notes:

electrospray deposition – нанесение покрытия электрораспылением substrate – основа, основание, нижний слой, подложка, подслой mask – трафарет, шаблон, фотошаблон, эталон

biodegradable – поддающийся биологическому разложению ink jetting – впрыскивание краски

nozzle – сопло; форсунка, выпускное отверстие

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TASK 2.4. Scan the sentences below which are taken from different abstracts in the areas of Ecological Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Chemical Engineering Science and Powder Technology. Identify the kind of information presented in them:

a)motivation/background information;

b)purpose of the study;

c)procedure/methodology;

d)results/findings;

e)conclusions/recommendations.

1.Serious water deficits and deteriorating environmental quality are threatening agricultural sustainability in the North China Plain (NCP).

2.The model and methods verified in this contribution can be used as a tool for the design and scaling-up of photoreactors.

3.In this study, the method to decide both particle size distribution and retractive index of particle is investigated.

4.Initial results indicated that the application of an ecological health assessment such as the one developed for this study could help in making post-installation monitoring efforts more successful.

5.Photoreactors are of great importance and their design is very difficult because of the multiphysics nature and the nonuniformity of light intensity inside it.

6.Glass beads were fluidized with dried air at varying gas velocities, while the bed was vibrated at different frequencies, amplitudes and directions to study their effects on the fluidization quality.

7.Results showed that THg, MeHg, TB, MeHg/THg, salinity and total sulfur (TS) increased with depth, but total organic matter (TOM), SRB, and pH decreased with depth. Concentrations of MeHg in sediments showed significant positive correlation with THg, salinity, TS, and MeHg/THg, and significant negative correlation with SRB, TOM, and pH.

8.This paper addresses spatial and temporal availability of water resources in the NCP, identifies the effects of soil management, irrigation timing and amounts, and crop genetic improvement on water use efficiency (WUE), and then discusses knowledge gaps and research priorities to further improve WUE.

9. Nano size titanium powder was prepared by a novel chemical solution synthesis route from titanium dioxide (TiO2). TiO2 was allowed to form a complex, titanium catecholate precursor, in the presence of ammonium sulfate and concentrated sulfuric acid. The complex was filtered, washed with cold isopropyl alcohol and dried. Titanium hydrate was prepared by heating the titanium catecholate precursor at 800 °C in a hydrogen atmosphere. The product was then dehydrogenated in 8 x 10-6 torr vacuum to get nano size titanium powders.

10.It is concluded that the concentration of coating materials in the liquid layer on coated particles plays an important role in determining the physical properties of the coating film.

11.This result demonstrates that the growth rate, diameter, density, and crystallinity of CNT can be controlled with the growth temperature.

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Notes:

retractive index – индекс ретракции, втягивания, сокращения fluidize – псевдоожижать, разжижать

bed – слой

salinity – солёность, минерализация sediment – осадок, нанос, отложение spatial – пространственный

catechol – катехин, пирокатехин precursor – предшественник

isopropyl alcohol – изопропиловый спирт dehydrogenated – дегидрированный

torr – торр (единица давления)

2. Not all abstracts have five parts. Sometimes they are reduced to four, even three parts. The reduction of an abstract may be caused by word limitations established by journal editors. To satisfy the requirements, the authors can 1) eliminate motivation/background information, 2) combine purpose and method of research, 3) exclude conclusions.

However, it is highly recommended to follow at least four-step structure. Abstracts need to set the problem, but do not need to justify why it is important (the introduction does that). Therefore, you can omit motivation/background information loss-free. As for the part that represents your contribution (conclusion), it should be presented.

TASK 2.5. Read and translate the reduced abstract from the International Journal of the Society of Powder Technology. Identify the kinds of information in it and answer the questions:

1.What kinds of information are combined in sentence 1?

2.Which information element is included in sentence 2?

3.What kind of information is contained in sentence 3?

4.What information element is presented in sentence 4?

PARTICLE FORMATION BY THE DILUTION METHOD USING

A MISCIBLE NON-SOLVENT4

Abstract. 1Particle formation by mixing a solution containing nucleated monomers with a miscible non-solvent, a procedure known as the dilution method, has been investigated in order to check the validity of our previous model of homogenous nucleation where the growth rate of nuclei is controlled by the diffusion of monomers. 2Two types of experiments have been carried out: (i) preparation of sulfur particles by mixing a sulfur solution with pure water (which is a miscible non-solvent for sulfur) and (ii) generation of lead chloride particles by mixing a lead chloride solution with ethanol (a miscible non-solvent

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for lead chloride). 3In both cases, the experimentally measured concentration and mean volume diameter are in good agreement with the predictions of the model. 4Our model can thus be applied also to particle preparation by dilution method.

Notes:

particle – частица

dilution method – метод разбавления

miscible non-solvent – допускающий смешивание нерастворитель nucleated monomer – содержащий ядро мономер

nucleation – образование ядра; образование чего-либо (капелек, пузырьков) в ядре

sulfur – сера

lead chloride – хлорид свинца mean – среднее значение

TASK 2.6. Following are the extracts which demonstrate the tendency of the authors to combine information concerning the purpose and method in one sentence. Separate two types of information and formulate the purpose of the study.

Example:

Wavelet multiresolution analysis and wavelet multiresolution crosscorrelation analysis were applied to experimental pressure-time signals in order to analyze the characteristics of swirling flow pneumatic conveying in both Fourier and physical spaces.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of swirling flow pneumatic conveying.

1. In order to characterize the particle shape quantitatively, six shape factors are calculated using particle geometrical parameters determined by the analysis of microscopic images.

The purpose of this study was __________________________________

2. Characteristics of particulate matter in pressurized coal combustion for high-efficiency power generation system are investigated by using the percolation model and the results are compared with experiments performed using drop tube furnace facilities.

The aim of this research was ___________________________________

3. In this paper, optimal operating rules for water quality management in reservoir–river systems are developed using a methodology combining a water quality simulation model and a stochastic GA-based conflict resolution technique.

The purpose of this paper is ____________________________________

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4. The dust-releasing behaviour from a ceramic candle filter, which is a key technology of the hot gas cleaning system in advanced coal power generation processes such as pressurized fluidized bed combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle, is discussed based on the observation of the dust-releasing process using a high-speed video camera and the measurement of time change of pressure inside the filter.

In this article we ____________________________________________

5. In this work pyrolysis of wood pellets was investigated by using a special experimental device which allowed to determine kinetics of total weight loss, gas and tar production.

The objective of this study was _________________________________

Notes:

multiresolution analysis – многомасштабный анализ сигналов swirling flow – закрученный поток

pneumatic conveying – пневматический конвейерный транспорт pressurized – герметический, герметизированный; находящийся под

давлением; имеющий избыточное давление particulate matter – твёрдые частицы percolation – просачивание

tube furnace – трубчатая печь stochastic – вероятностный, случайный

luidized bed combustion – сжигание в псевдоожиженном слое wood pyrolysis – пиролиз [сухая перегонка] древесины pellet – брикет

total weight loss – потеря общего веса tar – гудрон, смола

FOCUS ON LANGUAGE USE

3. The use of verb tenses in the abstract depends directly on the type of information presented in it.

∙ motivation/background – present simple/ present perfect tense: e.g.: Flow cytometry is a powerful technique for the rapid analysis of

single cells in a mixture, by means of light-scattering and fluorescence measurements. Heavy metal pollution has become a more serious environmental problem in the last several decades as a result of its toxicity and insusceptibility to the environment.

∙ purpose/ principal activity – past simple / present perfect tense: e.g.: Wave-like gas-solid flow in a horizontal pipe has been investigated

experimentally. The aim of the investigation was to develop a non-intrusive measuring technique for monitoring the transition from a dilute phase flow to wave-like flow and to measure the properties of a wave-like flow.

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∙ procedure/methodology – past simple tense:

e.g.: Two different heating rates, 0.05 and 1 K/s, were employed to determine kinetic parameters. Dynamic and isothermal pyrolysis tests were carried out on beech and pine wood previously dried in an oven.

∙ results/findings – past simple tense:

e.g.: At the lower relative humidity, the elutriation rate constant increased with increasing relative humidity. When the relative humidity increased and reached a certain higher value, the elutriation rate constant decreased with an increase of relative humidity.

∙ conclusions – present simple tense/ modal auxiliaries :

The results show, that the proposed model for reservoir operation and waste load allocation can reduce the salinity of the allocated water demands as well as the salinity build-up in the reservoir. The system described here could serve as the basis for a study of automatic measurement systems in an instrumentation course. This study may lead to a better understanding of flow behaviour of a developer in developing equipment

TASK 2.7. Read and translate the following abstract from a Powder Technology study. Pay attention to the use of verb tenses to express different types of information. Underline Present Simple tense verbs once, Present Perfect tense verbs twice, Past Simple tense verbs thrice, and circle modal auxiliaries.

ELECTRIFICATION OF FINE PARTICLES

BY IMPACT ON A POLYMER FILM TARGET5

Abstract. 1Impact charging between fine particles and polymer film has been investigated both theoretically and experimentally. 2A powder, fly-ash of 12 µm mass median diameter, was dispersed and accelerated in air flow, and then the particles were impacted on a target whose frontal surface was covered with a polymer film and the rear side was a metal plate. 3The films used were in the range of 25 – 250 µm thick. 4The rear metal plate was grounded and the electric currents caused by impact charging were measured with an electrometer. 5Two types of currents were detected, i.e. induction current and conduction current. 6The induction current was due to the charge accumulating on the film, whereas the conduction current was due to the dielectric breakdown arising from the particle impact. 7Using a film with small artificial holes, the conduction current was detected. 8This fact shows that insulating material can be utilized as an effective charging wall as long as the charge accumulation on the material is well suppressed.

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Notes:

electrification – электризация; наэлектризование

fine particles – мелкие частицы; тонкодисперсные включения impact – соударение; столкновение; воздействие, нагрузка target – образец, объект

fly-ash – зольная пыль

disperse – распылять, рассеивать suppress – подавлять, гасить conduction current – ток проводимости

dielectric breakdown – пробой диэлектрика as long as – если

4. Both active and passive verb forms are used in the abstract. Remember, as a general rule, whatever is placed at the beginning of a sentence is given greater prominence and therefore receives greater emphasis. Hence, it is recommended to use the passive voice when it is more important to emphasize an action (an object/ an event/ a process) than the person doing the action.

TASK 2.8. Following is an abstract to the paper in the area of Chemical Engineering. Underline passive verbs, say how they are formed and explain why they are used.

A PDMS SELF-VORTICAL MICROMIXER WITHOUT OBSTRUCTIONS6

Abstract: Microfluidic micromixers are extremely essential components of microfluidic systems for microliter to nanoliter fluid mixing. This paper proposes a new passive micromixer called the self-vortical micromixer with no obstructions, composed of three polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layers. Each PDMS layer was fabricated by a PDMS replication molding process with a 150micron height dry-film photoresist replication mold, manufactured from an organic solvent-free process. The three PDMS layers were precisely bonded together by the PDMS alignment bonding process developed in this study. This paper presents the simulation results demonstrating the self-vortical mixing phenomenon of the self-vortical micromixer with swirly flow fields and selfvortical flow fields. As the mixing test results demonstrate the mixing performance of the micromixer, the injected food dyes are completely mixed in the downstream of the mixing channel by the swirly flow fields and the selfvortical flow fields in the circular mixing chamber of the self-vortical micromixer. At Re =200, effective mixing (mixing index 0.42) can be achieved.

Notes:

PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) – полиэтансилоксан vortical – вихревой; вращательный

obstruction – препятствие; преград; непроходимость; закупорка microfluidic – микрофлюидальный

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molding – формование

replication – повторение, копирование

mold – литейная форма, пресс-форма, шаблон, модель, лекало | alignment – выпрямление, выравнивание; регулировка

bonding – соединение, присоединение; связывание; крепление, прикрепление; сцепление

swirly flow – вихревой поток

TASK 2.9. Following are the sentences from different abstracts in the areas of Civil, Mechanical and Chemical Engineering. Put the verbs in the Past Simple Passive form.

1.In this paper, the formation mechanism of earth pressures against rigid retaining wall with RTT and RBT mode ______ (reveal) based on the previous studies and a new method _____ (propose) to calculate the seismic earth pressures in such conditions.

2.To assess the residual fatigue life of aged existing RC bridges, the most new study information on fatigue of natural corrosion reinforcement _____

(analyze), and axial tensile fatigue tests _____ (conduct) on fifteen naturally carbonation-induced corrosion steel bars.

3.Based on the large scale composite space truss structure of stratosphere aerostats, the carbon fiber flange connection joints _____ ( study) in the present paper.

4.Macroscopically uniform deposition _____ (achieve) by exploiting the self-limiting nature of the reaction and the extent of deposition _____ ( monitor) by the weight change of the samples.

5.Also, a correlation _____ (establish) between the ultrasonic treatment and the microstructure.

6.Nano size titanium powder _____ (prepare) by a novel chemical solution synthesis route from titanium dioxide.

Notes:

earth pressure – давление грунта

rigid retaining wall – жесткая подпорная стенка reveal – обнаруживать, выявлять

residual fatigue life – остаточная усталостная долговечность

RC – reinforced concrete – железобетон

axial tensile – осевое растяжение, осевое напряжение fatigue tests – испытания на усталость

carbonation – карбонизация, насыщение углекислым газом, сатурирование, обогащение углекислотой

space truss пространственная ферма

composite structure – композитная (составная) конструкция carbon fiber – упрочнённый графитовыми волокнами flange connection joints – фланцевые соединения

deposition – отложение, осаждение

self-limiting reaction – c амоограничивающаяся реакция

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TASK 2.10. In the abstract below put the verbs in the appropriate form, Present or Past, Active or Passive, according to the type of information they express.

COATING OF PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICLES BY SPOUTED BED WITH A

DRAFT TUBE – RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COATING

EFFICIENCY AND OPERATING CONDITIONS7

Abstract. 1Although a spouted bed with a draft tube ___ widely ____

(use) in pharmaceutical particle coating to modify the release characteristics of various medicines, the coating conditions and pharmaceutical formulation

_____________ (determine) based on experience and experiments. 2In the present work, we theoretically _________ (analyze) the coating process of a spouted bed with a draft tube by calculating particle trajectories in the draft tube and impaction efficiencies of sprayed mists onto a particle, and __________

(obtain) the coating efficiency. 3Furthermore, experiments ___________ (carry out) to measure the coating efficiencies in a laboratory model of a spouted bed. 4As a result, it ___________ (find) that the number of seed particles in the draft tube _________ (be) the most important parameter in determining the coating efficiency, suggesting that the coating efficiency can ___________ (raise) by increasing the number concentration of seed particles.

Notes:

spouted bed – фонтанирующий слой

draft tube – отсасывающая труба, отводящая труба

release characteristics –

release coating – антиадгезионное покрытие impaction – сгущение, сжатие, уплотнение mist – туман

seed – семя, зерно

TASK 2.11. In the abstract below complete the sentences with one of the following verbs in the correct form, Present Simple Active (I do), Past Simple Active (I did) or Past Simple Passive (was done).

a) collect, b) affect, c) search, d) find, e) record, f) generate, g) consist, h) suggest, i) conduct, j) compare.

THE EFFECTS OF AGRILUS PLANIPENNIS HABITAT DESTRUCTION ON THE POPULATION DENSITY, DISTRIBUTION, AND DIVERSITY OF LIMNO-TERRESTRIAL TARDIGRADES RESIDING ON THE LICHENS OF

FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA8

Abstract. 1The purpose of this study was to determine if alterations in abiotic resources associated with Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) habitat destruction _________ the characteristics of local tardigrade populations. 2A field study ___________ at an Emerald Ash Borer infested and

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non-infested forest in central and west-central Michigan. 3A total of 80 lichen samples __________ from a series of 20 Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) trees that were equally distributed between control and experimental sites. 4Lichen samples were hydrated for approximately 24 hours and ____________

for microscopic life under low magnification. 5Amounts of tardigrades, nematodes, and other notable microscopic organisms ___________ and tardigrade specimens were later identified to species. 6Gross populations of tardigrades and nematodes ______________ between sample sites with the

use of a two-tailed equal variance t-test (alpha level 0.05) which __________ a

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p-value of 0.0001 for tardigrades and 7.4946 for nematodes. 7Significant differences between populations of tardigrades located among Emerald Ash Borer infested and non-infested sites _________, rejecting the null hypothesis. 8Although the diversity of the tardigrades was primarily the same and

___________ of the cosmopolitan species Ramazzottius baumanni, Milnesium tardigradum, Macrobiotus echinogenitus, and Macrobiotus cf. hufelandi, more tardigrades were observed during initial observational periods from samples extracted from the infested experimental site than from sampled extracted from the non-infested control site. 9These results _______ that differences in abiotic resources amongst habitats may influence tardigrade populations by affecting the rate of lichen growth on trees, especially with respect to environments experiencing biological invasions.

Notes:

agrilus planipennis

limno-terrestrial tardigrade – тихоходка lichen – лишайник

fraxinus pennsylvanica – ясень пенсильванский abiotic – абиотический, неживой

infested – зараженный паразитами hydrate – гидратировать

nematodes – круглые черви, нематоды two-tailed – двусторонний

equal variance t-test – дисперсионный критерий

TASK 2.12. Surf the Internet, go to the library or address your scientific advisor to find a professional journal in your field of study that publishes reports of experimental research. Find a recent issue of this journal with an article reporting on a topic that interests you. Analyze the first page of the paper and answer the questions.

1.What is the title of the paper?

2.Does the paper contain an abstract?

3.How long is it?

4.Does the abstract follow the proposed five-step structure?

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5.If not, what kind of information is eliminated?

6.Are there any sentences in which two information elements are combined in one sentence?

7.Identify each sentence for the kind of information presented in it.

8.Is the use of verb tenses correspond to the conventions described?

PRACTICE IN WRITING YOUR PAPER

TASK 2.13. Following the procedure you have learned in this unit, write an abstract in English to your own experimental research paper written in the Russian language.

Remember that your abstract

−should be a summary of the essential elements of your research project (purpose, methods, results and conclusion);

−should serve as an overview, providing the reader with a good indication of what they will find in the pages that follow;

−should be written on completing your research in order to reflect any significant changes it may have undergone.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR AID

FORMATION OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VERB TENSES

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The present paper is aimed at …

The present investigation focuses on/ deals with/ is concerned with/ is devoted to the problems of / considers what factors influence…

Our objective is to explain/ to analyze/ to examine/ to verify/

to describe/ to study/ to show/ to present/ to specify/ to improve our knowledge of …

Special attention is/ was paid to …

A quantitative model is presented …

This article presents a new approach/

proposes a new methodological framework …

Recent experimental results concerning … are presen ted … … were observed and studied …

It was found…..

The results of this study suggest/ indicate/ show/ confirm ….

It is concluded that …

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