Vocabulary:

1. To date back – датировать задним числом, даталау

2. to border on – граничить, шектес болу

3. artificial – искусственный, жасанды

4. to set up – создавать, устанавливать, жасау

5. an inquiry – запрос, сұраныс

6. to point – указывать, қолмен көрсету, сілтеу

7. a treatise – трактат, научный труд, ғылыми еңбек

8. to theorize – теоретизировать, мәселені теория тұрғысынан тексеру

9. a divine – божественный, тәңірлік

10. to focus (on) – сосредоточиваться, жинақтау

11. an investigation – исследование, расследование, зерттеу, тергеу

12. a structuralist – структуралист

13. an approach – подход, доступ, жақындау, ыңғай

14. to oppose – выступать против, противиться, қарсы болу

15. a value – значение, ценность, бағалы зат, мағына

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with prepositions:

1. There is also evidence … psychological thought … ancient Egypt.

2. Wundt is credited … setting up psychology as a field … scientific inquiry independent of the disciplines philosophy and biology.

3. German physician Wilhelm Wundt is credited with introducing psychological discovery … a laboratory setting.

4. In his book, Principles of Psychology, published … 1890, he laid the foundations … many of the questions that psychologists would explore … years to come.

5. Wundt focused … breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.

6. Psychology was a branch … philosophy until the 1870s, when it developed as an independent scientific discipline … Germany and the United States.

Exercise 2. Fill in the gaps in the sentences below with an appropriate phrasal verb from the box:

setting up

find out

borders on

concerned with

dates back

1. The History of Psychology as a scholarly study of the mind and behavior …………………..to the Ancient Greeks.

2. Psychology …………………………….. various other fields including physiology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, sociology, anthropology, as well as philosophy and other components of the humanities.

2. Wundt is credited with …………………………….. psychology as a field of scientific inquiry independent of the disciplines philosophy and biology.

2. James felt that psychology should have practical value, and that psychologists should …………………………………..……………………. how the mind can function to a person’s benefit.

2. Starting in the 1950s, the experimental techniques set forth by Wundt, James, Ebbinghaus, and others would be reiterated as experimental psychology became increasingly cognitivist

…………………………………. information and its processing – and, eventually, constituted a part of the wider cognitive science.

Exercise 3. Give synonyms for the following words:

artificial		approach
inquiry		value
treatise		benefit
divine		quantitative
investigation		strain

Exercise 4. Answer the following questions:

1. By whom dates back to the history of psychology?

2. Is there also evidence of psychological thought in ancient Egypt?

3. In what other fields does psychology border on?

4. Whose writings do historians point?

5. Who founded the first psychological laboratory, at Leipzig University, in 1879?

6. When did publish the book “Principles of Psychology”?

7. Who discovered in dogs a learning process that was later termed “classical conditioning” and applied to human beings?

Theme 3:

THE GREATEST PSYCHOLOGIST – JOHN AMOS COMENIUS

John Amos Comenius was born on the 28^th of March in1592 and died in1670. He was a Czech speaking Moravian teacher, educator and writer. He served as the last bishop of Unity of the Brethren and became a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactic Magna. He is considered the father of modern education. He lived and worked in many different countries in Europe, including Sweden, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Transylvania, the Holy Roman Empire, England, the Netherlands and Royal Hungary.

C omenius originated from Moravia, but history has no accurate record of his birthplace. There are three possible locations: Komna, Nivnice and Uhersky Brod (all three locations are in Uhersk Hradiste District, southeastern Moravia, Czech Republic). His ancestors came from the Kingdom of Hungary (from the part that is today Slovakia, which is very close to Moravia both geographically and linguistically, likely from Pobedim near Trencín) during the 16th century and his original family name was Szeges according to his will found in 1968 by Milada Blekastad, a monographer of Comenius.

He described himself as "Moravus ego natione, lingua Bohemus"; an inhabitant of the Margraviate of Moravia (probably with Slovak roots) who used the Czech language for daily communication. The original family name (Szeges or Seges) is of Hungarian origin and is relatively common in Western Slovakia both for local Magyars and even Slovaks.

John Comenius was the youngest child and only son of Martin Comenius and his wife Anna. Martin, whose original surname was Szeges, started to use the surname Comenius after leaving Komna to live in Uhersky Brod, where he owned a house. (He was "the man from Komna" = Comenius.) Both of his parents belonged to the Moravian Brethren, and Comenius later became one of t he leaders of that pre-Reformation Protestant denomination. His parents and two of his four sisters died in 1604 and young John went to live with his aunt in Straznice. Owing to his impoverished circumstances he was unable to begin his formal education until late. He was 16 when he entered the Latin school in Prerov (he later returned to this school as a teacher 1614–1618). He continued his studies in the Herborn gymnasium (1611–1613) and the University of Heidelberg (1613–1614). Comenius was greatly influenced by the Irish Jesuit William Bathe as well as his teachers Johann Piscator, Heinrich Gutberleth, and particularly Heinrich Alsted. The Herborn school held the principle that every theory has to be functional in practical use, therefore it has to be didactic (i.e. morally instructive). In the course of his study he also became acquainted with the educational reforms of Ratichius and with the report of these reforms issued by the universities of Jena and Giessen.