I. Read and translate the text. Ethnographic clothes of Nomads Part II

Dress-coats of nomadic Saks were decorated with golden buttons. They were trimmed with expensive fabrics and skins of wild beasts, so they were much prettier and richer than European dress-coats. Inner side of the dress-coat was trimmed with mink. Its outer side was trimmed with the silk of olive green color. Lapels and seams of dress-coats were stitched with natty leather belts. Buttons were sewn on these leather belts in chain way. The buttons were made of rough leather trimmed with gold. The peculiarity of this dress-coat was in the fact that its sleeves were cut out in raglan way, and its seams on the dorsal side were embossed. Artifacts show that in the design of outerwear of nomads BC presented species of raglan and relief. Back side of the Saks’ dress-coat was dropped to the heel. That was the main difference between it and European dress-coat. Back part of the leader’s dress-coat on horse covered the tail part of the horse. From afar such man looked like a centaur from the mythical world. Such clothing refers to the time of “Pazyryk” culture and local seamstresses produced it in their discretion.

Outerwear of “Pazyryk” time BC was made of suede outside. It was made of mink inside. The suede was sewn with leather thread. The image of deer's head and horns were made on the application-style on front of the two halves of the outerwear from the chest to the lower part. Images of the vultures’ heads were stitched near the branchy horns. Images of vultures’ eyes were sewn on the golden buttons of the dress.

Saks’ women in VIII-I centuries BC wore fur coats which were made of animal skins and finely made high-quality leather. Women's coats consisted of three parts and were decorated with leather strips over their seams by method of application. They were trimmed with finely made leather outside, and inside with fur of squirrel or valuable animals. Their lower edges were trimmed with ribbon of black foal’s leather. For coats without buttons were made special volumetric mantles “onirzhiek”, which closed their breast part. Fur coats of Saks’ women BC were in vogue in medieval Europe. Over time Saks ceased sewing of coats with gold ornaments. Thousands of golden plates sewn on outerwear symbolized wealth and power of the leaders of those times.

In ideology of nomads “cock” symbolized protection against the devil, and “sheep's head” symbolized happiness and prosperity. Clothes of nomads also observed elements of plants in the form of lotus and mountain goat, made in application way. In the Egyptian outlook lotus flower meant “eternal life”.

Herodotus wrote that all the Massagets’ (the Scythians, who lived on the territory of Kazakhstan) articles were decorated with gold. Felt hats with a long upper part, a long outer garment “chapan” and leather shoes were adorned with gold. Not only the Massagets, but all the other tribes of Saks used thousands of gold ornaments for their clothing.

Saks, who inhabited Eurasia, trimmed their clothes with animal fur, gold plates, expensive fabrics and finely made high-quality leather. Among them: suede outerwear, capes (beshpent) and shirts. Leaders of the Saks wore much richer and much more elegant clothes than other nomadic times leaders. Their upper clothes were made of mink fur, leopard, squirrel, muskrat, marten and other valuable animals. Their pants, outerwear (chapan) and capes (beshpent) were made of thin leather of foal, lamb and goat. One can certainly say that Saks’ clothes embroidered with golden plates are priceless work of art.

Clothes of Saks have not disappeared without a trace. O. Zhanibekov wrote: “The Kazakhs fasten their clothes to the left just as Saks or the Turks of the Middle Ages. Continuity in sewing and cutting of nomadic clothes has been preserved. Processing of lapels and edges of clothing with various patterns have been preserved nowadays and symbolizes protection from the devil, disaster and disease”. Ethnographical clothes of the Kazakhs got to our days, but in time they have undergone significant changes in structure, pattern and decoration.