- •T he notion of style
- •S tylistics as a science
- •Various literary genre;
- •Connection of Stylistics to the other sciences
- •S tylistic lexicology
- •Language variability
- •Read a story; define the subsystem of the words in italics. Give their standard variant.
- •2. Stylistic classification of English vocabulary
- •Divide the following types of words into 3 categories. Make a chart.
- •Read the following definitions of words and fill in the chart
- •3. Interaction of Stylistically Colored Words and the Context
- •S uper-neutral vocabulary
- •Super-neutral Words
- •Archaisms
- •Compare two variants of Canterbury Tales written in Middle English and translated into New English, find the obsolete, archaic words
- •Read and suggest the modern variant of the underlined words. Use the prompts given.
- •Foreign words or barbarisms
- •Match the given words with their translation. Define the type of the foreign words.
- •Read the given extracts. Define what additional information the foreign words reflect.
- •4. Literary words
- •Read an extract and tell what effect the elevated words have and why.
- •Give the neutral/standard variant of the following sentences
- •Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare
- •Colloquial words
- •Jargon words
- •Vulgar words
- •Compare two variants of one and the same story. Write out the neutral words and their slang equivalents.
- •D ialect words
- •Before reading the story, look through the sentences and suggest what the story is going to be about
- •Something to lean on
- •S tylistic phonetics
- •Alliteration
- •Read the extracts and define the type of alliteration
- •Onomatopoeia
- •2. Translate the following examples of onomatopoeia
- •I nternal rhyme:
- •Analyzing english poetry
- •William Blake The Chimney Sweeper
- •S tylistic semasiology
- •Figures of replacement
- •2/ Figures of quality
- •I’m so hungry I could eat a horse!
- •Read the following sentences, define the type of the figure of quantity.
- •Read and define the metonymy examples. Explain their meaning
- •West End is the hands of London.
- •3 . Read and define the periphrasis examples. Explain their meaning
- •4. Read and define the allusion examples. Explain their meaning
- •5. What kind of person are you if you are called …
- •Translate the following examples of the speaking names
- •Match the points characterizing life in comparison with journey
- •Read the classified examples of metaphor and personification. Some of them are mixed. Figure them out.
- •3. Read and define the epithet examples. Explain their meaning
- •Figures of co-occurrence
- •4. Here is a short poem about the way how a good greyhound is shaped. Most of the similes are missed. Fill in the gaps. The words in the box will help you.
- •5. Translate the following examples of the oxymoron
- •Analyzing a poem
- •The Twilight by h. W. Longfellow
- •S tylistic syntax
- •Absence of Syntactical Elements
- •For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn
- •Шли три студента, один – в кино, другой – в сером костюме, третий – в хорошем настроении.
- •Order of speech elements
- •«They slid down» «Down they slid»
- •Read the following examples of inverted statements, tell what a direct word order in the statements is.
- •Interaction of Syntactical Structures
- •Speaking without thinking is shooting without aiming.
- •Read a sentence; define what parts of the sentence are parallel here.
- •Read the sentences, define what words are repeated and what for.
- •I have to beg you for money. Daily. (s.Lewis)
- •Read the statements, define what is detached here.
- •Analyzing a poem
- •Analyzing a story
- •Introduction
- •Is he living or is he dead
D ialect words
Dialect words are the local phonetic variants of the neutral words depending on the region.
the diphthong [ei] is replaced by [ai]: to sy, to py instead of «to say», «to pay»;
the diphthong [au] is replaced by monophthong [a:]: nah then instead of «now then»;
words like «manners», «thank you» are pronounced as menners, thenk you;
the suffix «-ing» is pronounced as [n]: sittin', standin'.
Here are two monologues representing the peculiarities of speech of the educated gentleman and the local man trying to render his words to the lady waiting for the gentleman. Compare and find the speech equivalents in the texts.
"Tell her I am on my way to the station, to leave for San Francisco, where I shall join that Alaska moose-hunting expedition. Tell her that, since she has commanded me neither to speak nor to write to her I take this means of making one last appeal to her sense of justice, for the sake of what has been. Tell her that to condemn and discard one who has not deserved such treatment, without giving him her reason or a chance to explain is contrary to her nature as I believe it to be."
"He told me to tell yer he's got his collars and cuffs in dat grip for a scoot clean out to 'Frisco. Den he's goin' to shoot snowbirds in de Klondike. He says yer told him not to send 'round no more pink notes nor come hangin' over de garden gate, and he takes dis mean (sending the boy to speak for him) of putting yer wise. He says yer referred him like a has-been, and never give him no chance to kick at de decision. He says yer swiped him, and never said why."
Before reading the story, look through the sentences and suggest what the story is going to be about
A bar is something to lean on.
From eight in the morning to five at night I do not lean on no bar. I work!
I can lean on this bar, but I ain't got another thing in the USA on which to lean.
Read the story and find out the substandard or super-standard words in it.
Something to lean on
«A bar is something to lean on,» said Simple.
«You lean on bars very often,» I remarked.
«I do,» said Simple.
«Why?»
«Because everything else I lean on falls down,» said Simple, «including my peoples, my wife, my boss, and me.»
«How do you mean?»
«My peoples brought me into the world,» mid Simple, «but they didn't have no money to put me through school. When were knee-high to a duck I had to go to work.»
«That happens to a lot of kids,» I said.
«Most particularly colored,» said Simple. «And my wife, couldn't depend on her. When the depression come and I was out of a job, Isabel were no prop to me. I could not lean on her.»
«So you started to leaning on bars,» I said.
«No,» said Simple. «I ware leaning on bars before I married. I started to leaning on bars soon as I got out of short pants.»
«Perhaps if you belonged to the church you would have something stronger on which to lean.»
«You mean lean on the Lord? Daddy-o, too many folks are leaning on Him now. I believe the Lord helps them that helps themselves — and I am a man who tries to help himself. That Is the way white folks got way up where they are in the world — while colored's been leaning on the Lord.»
«And you have been leaning on bars.»
«What do you think I do all day long?» Simple objected. «From eight in the morning to five at night, I do not lean on no bar. I work! Ask my bass-man out at the plant. He knows I work. He claims he likes me, too. But that raise he promised me way last winter, have I got it yet? Also that advancement? No, I have not! I see them white boys get advancements while I stay where I am. Black — so I know I ain't due to go but «so far. I bet you if I was white I would be somewhere in this world.»
«There you go with that old color argument as an excuse again,» I said.
«I bet you I would not be poor. All the opportunities a white man's got, there ain't no sense in his being poor. He can gat any kind of job, anywhere. He can be President. Can I?»
«Do you have the qualifications?»
«Answer my question,» said Simple, «and don't ask me another one. Can I be President? Truman can, but can I? Is he any smarter than me?»
«I am not acquainted with Mr. Truman, so I do not know.»
«Does he look any smarter?» asked Simple.
«I must admit he does not,» I said.
«Then why can't I be President, too? Because I am colored, that's why.»
«So you spend your evenings leaning on bars because you cannot be President,» I said. «What kind of reasoning is that?»
«Reason enough,» said Simple. «If anybody else in America can be President, I want to be President. The Constitution guarantees us equal rights, but have I got «em? No. It's fell down on me.»
«You figure the Constitution has fallen down on you?»
«I do,» said Simple. «Just like it fell down on that poor Negro lynched last month. Did anybody out of that mob go to jail? Not a living soul. But just kidnap some little small white baby and take it across the street, and you will do twenty years. The FBI will spread its dragnet and drag in forty suspections before morning. And, if you are colored, don't be caught selling a half pint of bootleg licker, or writing a few numbers. They will put you in every jail there is! But Southerners can beat you, burn you, lynch you, and hang you to a tree — and every one of them will go scot-free. Gimme another beer, Tony! I can lean on this bar, but I ain't got another thing in the USA on which to lean.»
The used car I bought for three hundred dollars was a lemon. My friends said I was nuts to believe the baloney the seller gave. The seller said that the car was like new, with only ten thousand miles on it. She called it reliable transportation at a very low price. She said she was really selling it for peanuts.
Staring the engine of the car was a piece of cake. I just turned the key – no problem. However, soon I was in a pickle: the brakes didn’t work! The owner of the Cadillac I hit went bananas when he saw the damage to the front of his car. He started shouting at me and wouldn’t stop. Now I have to pay him two thousand dollars to repair his car. But my friend Nina was a peach. She took my car to the garbage dump so that I didn’t have to see it again.