3. Foreign words or barbarisms

F oreign words are used for certain stylistic purpose but do not belong to the English vocabulary. They are not given by English dictionaries.

Chao bombini! C’est la vie! Dolce vita!

B arbarisms are words which have already became facts of the English language. They are a part of the literary vocabulary stock. = borrowed words

'to commence', 'infant', 'maiden', 'to associate'

E xotic words are borrowed foreign words denoting objective characteristic of a certain country. They have no synonyms in the language-borrower

matador, bistro, koala

4. Match the given words with their translation. Define the type of the foreign words.

Chic / en passant / matador / croissants / bonmot / delicatessen / reprimand / boulangers / helicopter / marauder / hippopotamus

выговор, внушение / тонкость; изящество / булочная / шик / полумесяц / знатный человек / красное словцо / мимоходом

5. Read the given extracts. Define what additional information the foreign words reflect.

1/ From the dark, crowded center of the bar someone called «Garcon!» and he moved away from me, smiling.

2/ Yates remained serious. «We have time, Herr Zippmann, to try your schnapps. Are there any German troops in Neustadt?». «No, Herr Offizier, that's just what I've to tell you. This morning, four gentlemen in all, we went out of Neustadt to meet the Herren Amerikaner»

3/ The little boy, too, we observed, had a famous appetite, and consumed schinken, and braten, and kartoffeln, and cranberry jam ... with a gallantry that did honour to his nation.

4. Literary words

• P oetic words

• Bookish or learned words

Poetic words and highly literary words are used primarily in poetry to produce a highly literary effect.

Bookish words or learned words are used in official, scientific, high poetry and poetic messages, authorial speech of creative prose. Terms are words that are used in specific contexts.

6. Read an extract and tell what effect the elevated words have and why.

A young lady home back from school was explaining. «Take an egg», she said, «and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex. Then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath the shell is entirely discharged of its contents».

7. Give the neutral/standard variant of the following sentences

1. A vast concourse was assembled to witness. 2. He commenced his rejoinder.

ANALIZING THE POEM

Sonnet 130 by William Shakespeare

My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lips’ red; If snow be white, why then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow on her head. I have seen roses damask’d, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks; And in some perfumes is there more delight Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound; I grant I never saw a goddess go; My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground: And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare As any she belied with false compare.

S UB-NEUTRAL WORDS

1. Colloquial words

2. Jargon words

3. Cant

4. Slang

5. Vulgar

6. Nonce-words

7. Dialect words

Among the sub-neutral words the following groups are distinguished:

a) the colloquial words - words used in informal speech only;

b) jargon words, as well as individual creations (cant, vulgar words, nonce-words);


c) and slang, dialect words.