1. Absence of Syntactical Elements

A posiopesis - which means «silence» - refers to cases when the speaker stops short in the very beginning or in the middle of the utterance.

1. You just come home or I’ll ...

2. «Please, sir, will you write to me the post office. I don't want my husband to know that I'm — I’m-»

3. If you continue your intemperate way of living, in six months’ time ...

E llipsis. Elliptical are those sentences in which one or both principal parts (subject and predicate) are felt.

1. « I don't want my husband to know that I'm — I’m-» «Affiliated to art? Well. Name of post office».

2. In manner, close and dry. In voice, husky and low. In face, watchful behind a blind. (Dickens)

3. His forehead was narrow, his face wide, his head large, and his nose all one side. (Dickens)

N ominative sentences. A succession of nominative sentences reflects the state of mind of the hero and invigorates the dynamic force of narration.

1. «

   For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn

   London. Fog everywhere. Implacable November weather».

2. «But if they should! If they should guess! The horror! The flight! The exposure! The police!..» (Dreiser).

A syndeton - «absence of conjunctions» - that expresses brevity, acceleration of the tempo, colloquial character.

1. « You can't tell whether you are eating apple-pie or German sausage, or strawberries and cream. It all seems cheese. There is too much odour about cheese» (Jerome).

2. With these hurried words Mr. Bob Sawyer pushed the postboy on one side, jerked his friend into the vehicle, slammed the door, put up the steps, wafered the bill on the street-door, locked it, put the key into his pocket, jumped into the dickey, gave the word for starting. (Dickens)

3. It \[a provincial city\] is full of dirty blank spaces, high black walls, a gas holder, a tall chimney, a main road that shakes with dust and lorries. (J.Osborne - Entertainer)

Z eugma is a combination of one polysemantic word with two or several other words in succession.

Шли три студента, один – в кино, другой – в сером костюме, третий – в хорошем настроении.

1. He lost his hat and his temper. 2. The Rich arrived in pairs and also in Rolls Royces. 3. She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief. 4. She went home, in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.

The Excess of Syntactical Elements

R epetition is an expressive stylistic means widely used in all varieties of emotional speech — in poetry and rhetoric, in everyday intercourse.

« Scroodge went to bed again, and thought, and thought,

and thought it over and over and over».

… there lived a little man named Nathaniel Pipkin, … , and lived in a little house in the little High Street, within ten minutes' walk of the little church; and who was to be found every day from nine till four, teaching a little learning to the little boys. (Dickens)

F raming is a particular kind of repetition in which the two repeated elements occupy the two most prominent positions — the initial and the final:

1. «Never wonder. By means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder» (Dickens).

2. «You 've made a nice mess, you’ve...» (Jerome).

3. Obviously – this is infection. Obviously. (W.Deeping)

4. Then there was something between them. There was. There was.

A nadiplosis is a kind of repetition in which a word or a group of words concluding a sentence, a phrase or a verse line recur at the beginning of the next segment:

1. «With Bewick on my knee, I was then happy; happy at least in my way» (Bronte).

2. Now he understood. He understood many things. One can be a person first. A man first and then a black man or a white man. (P.Abrahams)

3. So long as men can breathe or eyes can See So long lives this and this gives life to thee.

P rolepsis is repetition of the noun subject in the form of a personal pronoun. Mostly called Syntactic Tautology. Prolepsis is especially typical of uncultivated speech

1. «Miss Tillie Webster, she slept forty days and nights without waking up»

2. «Bolivar, he's plenty tired, and he can't carry double» (O 'Henry).

P olysyndeton is the repetition of the conjunction and underlines close connection of the successive statements. It may create a general impression of solemnity

1. «And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew and beat upon the house; and it fell; and great was the fall of it» (Matthew).

2. B y the time he had got all the bottles and dishes and knives and forks and glasses and plates and spoons and things piled up on big trays, he was getting very hot, and red in the face, and annoyed. (A.Tolkien)

3. Bella soaped his face and rubbed his face, and soaped his hands and rubbed his hands, and splashed him, and rinsed him, and towelled him, until he was as red as beetroot. (Dickens)